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BRYANT’S 




TREATISE ON TELEGRAPHY, 


DESIGNED FOR LEARNERS 


AND USE IN THE 


BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


C. L. BRYANT, General Manager. 






7^ 



Entered, according to Act ot ^ongress, in the year 1876, 
By C. L. Brtant, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 


/ 



PRINTING HOUSE OP MATTHEWS & WARREN, 
BUFFALO, N. Y. 


INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 


The necessities determining the publication of this book Avere 
Amrious and important. Among the most prominent AA^as the desire 
to accommodate the large number of our correspondents, annually 
inquiring of us if Ave could send our Text Book on Telegraphy, 
Avdiich AAmuld enable them to study the subject before leaAung home, 
and obtain some knoAAdedge that Avould proAm beneficial, and lessen 
the time and expenditure necessary after entering the College. To 
meet this demand is the chief object of this AAmrk. The regular 
Text Book used in this College Avmuld not answer the purpose, 
being too scientific and voluminous, containing a large amount of 
matter that Avould be entirely unintelligible to the beginner, AA^ho 
generally is not only unacquainted Avith the more complicated tele¬ 
graph apparatus, but not eA'en familiar Avith the ordinary office instru¬ 
ments. It is the intention of the Author to obviate this difficulty 
in the present Avork, and Avith the best possible illustrations, and a full 
and complete description of every instrument or apparatus mentioned, 
to make the subject intelligible even to persons having no previous 
knoAvledge of electricity or telegraphy, and present the matter in 
such a clear light that any person may understand the subject mat¬ 
ter, gain much Amluable knoAvledge, and make a direct saving of 
time and expense after entering the College. 

At the College our regular Text Book could be used advanta¬ 
geously, as in taking up any subject the actual instruments and 
apparatus themselves are exhibited and explained in detail, all the 
experiments and connections being made before the classes, in the 
regular lectures on Telegraphy, and every point illustrated in such 
a manner that the most ordinary student cannot help comprehend¬ 
ing the subject. 

This book Avill be more elementary than otherAvise, and designed 
entirely for beginners. It is beUeA^ed that the long experience of 
the Avriter in teaching telegraphy Avill enable him to present the 
matter in a form best adapted to produce the most faA orable 
results. 



4 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


It is not maintained that with this book and a telegraph instru¬ 
ment, a person can study at liome and become a telegraph operator; 
in fact, it is definitely known that this would be an impossibility. 
A person to become qualified to assume the responsibilities of a tel¬ 
egraph oyierator must have thorough instruction^ rigid discipline^ 
and actual practice. This cannot be obtained at home by yourself, 
where you have no instruction, and no one to tell you whether 
wliat you are doing, is being correctly done, for no book can tell 
you when you are following its instructions closely. 

Nor can the desired result be obtained in an ordinary telegraph 
office. This may at first seem unreasonable, but a very little 
will suffice to make it a self-evident fact.’ The design of the 
office is a place to transact business, and not a place to provide 
instruction to persons ignorant of a certain branch. The wires 
and instruments were put up and purchased at a great expense, and 
must be used in the most profitable way, and not allowed to become 
subject to interruptions by giving inexperienced persons the oppor¬ 
tunity of interfering with the same. Operators are paid by the 
compan}^ to render certain services, and it is not reasonable to 
expect them to engage to do anything else at the same time. The 
truth is, no instruction can be obtained in a telegraph office. What 
is learned, is picJced up., and that in a very tedious and un¬ 

satisfactory manner. These and various other reasons should 
convince any one that there is only one place to learn the Art of 
Telegraphy, and learn it well; and that is at a long established, well 
conducted Telegraph College, where it is made a special business 
and profession to instruct young men and ladies in this beautiful 
Art. 

The Buffalo Telegraph College was established in the year 1860 , 
for the special purpose of affording young men and ladies better 
facilities than had hitherto existed, for becoming qualified for prac¬ 
tical telegraph operators. The enterprise has been in constant op¬ 
eration ever since its establishment, fifteen years ago, and has 
proved successful even beyond the most sanguine expectations ot 
its founders. 

The Telegraph Companies recognize our ability to qualify stu¬ 
dents in a much shorter time, and more thorough manner, for the 
proper performance of the duties of an operator, than it is possible 
to do in an ordinary telegraph office, by closing their offices to stu¬ 
dents, and forbidding all their employes to take persons to learn in 
their offices. Formerly this had to be allowed by the leading com¬ 
panies in order .to obtain operators for the new offices which they 


FOR THE RUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


5 


were constantly opening, but since the date of the Telegraph Col¬ 
lege this has been strictly prohibited, and the work of educating 
young men and ladies for tliese new positions has been left entirely 
with the School of Telegraj^hy where it most properly belongs. 

Since the establishment of this College, every year has witnessed 
some important improvement either in our course of instruction, 
arrangement of rooms, or introduction of new instruments, etc., etc. 
We have kept up tlie march of progress, and can safelj^ claim 
that we have pre-eminently the most popular and complete Tele¬ 
graph College in the world. So generally have the merits of our 
school become known and appreciated, that we have students from 
nearly every State in the Union, and the British Provinces. 

The student entering the Buffalo Telegraph College is given a 
separate table containing a set of Telegraph Instruments, of pre¬ 
cisely the same style as used in an ordinary telegraph office, and is 
tirst instructed in manipulation, or forming the telegraph code of 
signals on the Key, his progress being closely watched and all 
errors corrected. This practice is continued until the student is 
able to send slowly and correctly, writing a firm, distinct hand. 
For this reason, in Part First of this book we place instructions in 
forming the letters, with such remarks as will be most aj^t to point 
out the common errors of beginners. After acquiring a perfect 
formation of the alphabet and numerals, the student is given prac¬ 
tice ill receiving by sound, having some competent person make 
the letters composed in the exercises, repeatedly at first, until by 
constant practice the letters can be distinguished the first time they 
are made, and eventually copied when writtan in close connection. 

Part Second of this book Avill contain instructions in Theoretical 
Telegraphy, giving a brief history of the discovery of Electricity, 
the elements of galvanic action, the most simple and usual methods 
employed for producing a galvanic current of electricity, an expla¬ 
nation of the principles on which all telegraphic instruments work, 
and the manner of connecting the wires of an ordinary set of in¬ 
struments, etc., pursued in the same order as in the regular Lectures 
on Telegraphy constituting an important part of the course of in¬ 
struction in this College. 

All knowledge acquired from this book will save a proportionate 
amount of study and time after entering the College, everything 
beins: the same (as far as it goes), that the student must pursue, 
who completes our prescribed course. 

The advantages to be derived fi-om a knowledge of Telegraphy 
by every young man and lady who expects or desires to engage in 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy. 


f> 

any active business pursuit, are becoming more and more apparent 
with each year. Tlie surprising increase in the practical use of the Pri¬ 
vate Telegraph Lines in connection with many business houses, has 
established a new demand for employes wlio are competent to act 
as Book-keepers or Clerks, and at the same time have sufficient 
knowledge of Telegraphy to transmit and receive by sound the few 
messages usually required on private lines. So general has this 
demand become within the past few years, that a knowledge of 
Telegraphy is considered a necessary part of a business education, 
even for those who do not intend to follow the occupation as a 
means of obtaining a livelihood. 

In every city of any considerable size may now be found scores 
of Private Telegraph Lines, used by leading business houses, having 
more than one department of business, and located in different 
parts of the city, such as Manufacturers, Coal Shippers, Iron 
Works, Merchants, etc., who now consider it not only a great 
convenience, but an actual necessity to have telegraphic communi¬ 
cation between different branches of their business. To illustrate: 
there is a hrm in this city, dealers in hardware and manufactur¬ 
ers of iron, who control rolling mills, blast furnaces, etc., hav¬ 
ing seven offices on their line, operating all done by young men 
employed as book-keepers and clerks, who thus receive double sal¬ 
ary, making it a great inducement for young men to understand 
Telegraphy. This is only one instance of many in this city. 

In the preparation of this work, we acknowledge much valuable 
information obtained from SmitJi^s Manual of Telegraphy and 
Pope's Modern Practice. 

In conclusion, we would urge a thorough understanding of the 
principles involved in the practical operation of the telegraph, and 
would strongly recommend that particular attention be given to 
Theoretical Telegraphy, as it is undoubtedly a fact, that if an 
operator would rise in his profession he must have more than a 
mere knowledge of. the daily routine of business. This book, in 
connection with the superior advantages offered for instruction in 
the Buffalo Telegraph College, and the opportunities afforded for 
actual practice upon the College Lines, will be found unequaled for 
the preparation of young men and ladies for practical Telegraph 
Operators. 

V C. L. B. 


■r 


PART FIRST. 


PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION. 


CHAPTER I. 

TELEGRAPHIC MANIPULATION. 

1. Telegraphic Signals. —The Morse code of telegraphic signals 
are forty-five in number, and are composed of three elements.^ called 
the dot.^ the dash.^ and the space. 

2. The Dot. —By exerting a downward pressure upon the button 
of the key will bring the platinum points together, closing the cir¬ 
cuit and causing the armature lever upon the sounder to move 
simultaneously in the same direction; if this pressure is immediately 
followed by a quick upward movement, separating the points upon 
the key, the sounder armature will return to its former position, 
thus forming a dot. It will be observed then that a dot consists of 
txoo quick sounds—a downward sound, immediately followed by an 
upward sound of the armature. The duration of these movements 
should be long enough to insure a firm contact of the platinum 
points, making the dot sound distinct and plain. 

Care should be taken not to delay the upward movement too long, 
thereby prolonging the dot into a dash. 

Beginners will be assisted in making the dot correctly, by pro¬ 
nouncing the word eV, moderately rapid, letting the t sound indicate 
the upward movement, or back stroke of the armature. The dot 
written alone represents letter E. 

Tlie duration of the dot is taken as a unit of length.^ by means of 
which the duration of the other elements are measured. 

3. The Dash. —Is also produced by a downward pressure upon 
the button, the contact of the platinum points being prolonged, and. 
the upward movement delayed, so that the second sound does not 
follow closely after the first. There are two kinds of dashes—the 
short dash, which is made three units in length, and represents letter 



8 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 

T, and the long dash, having a length of six units^ and representing 
letter L, when occurring by itself, or among letters, but when found 
among figures it is translated as a cipher, or 0. It was originally 
intended to give the cipher a length equal to nme units^ but in 
practice it has become customary to make it the same as L, judging 
from the connection which it is intended for. 

This would at first seem likely to cause confusion, but it is not 
the case, and is always so used in actual practice. The long dash 
never enters into any combination to form other characters, but is 
always used separately, and either represents L or 0. 

The short dash is frequently combined with dots, or with itself 
to form other characters. It should be remembered that the down¬ 
ward movement produces sounds representing dots and dashes^ and 
the upward movement breaks and spaces ; also note that the dots 
make just as much noise as the dashes, the only difference being 
that the second or upward sound of the dash is delayed. 

4. The Space is the interval of rest between two closures of 
the key, and is produced by an upward movement of the lever. 
There are four varieties of spaces, viz.: 

a. The break or space occurring between the elements of a charac¬ 
ter having the duration of one unit or dot, represented by the space 
between the dot and dash of letter A. This is denominated a 
breaks and is always so called to distinguish it from the space. This 
break must always be made as short as possible. 

b. The space, employed in what are called the “ spaced letters,” 
is made two units in length, being represented in the letters C, O, 
li, Y, Z, and in the character &. 

c. The space separating the letters of a word is equal to three 
units in duration, and great caution is required to get the space be¬ 
tween the letters of a word uniform. 

d. The space separating the words themselves, is made six ^inits 
in duration. 

5. Manipulation. —The operation of writing, or “ sending,” as it 
is usually termed, consists in forming the telegraphic code of signals 
on the key—an instrument arranged to open and close the circuit, 
by means of which words and sentences can be transmitted. 

6. Position. —A correct attitude at the table, and a proper posi¬ 
tion of the hand on the key, are very essential to good manipula¬ 
tion. 

7. Attitude. —The student should sit squarely facing the table, 
and as erect as possible, resting the arm on the edge of the table 
just below the elbow. 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


9 


8. Manner of Holding the Key. —The first two fingers should be 
placed upon the top of the button of the key, with the thumb 
partly beneath it. The fingers should not be removed wliile writ¬ 
ing, but form a steady, gentle grasp upon the button. The fingers 
should be considerably curved, so that the thumb will not be liable 
to slip from beneath the button, and the wrist should not on any 
account be allowed to rest upon the table, but given a perfectly free 
movement; all stiffness of the hand should be strenuously avoided, 
and as easy and natural a movement as possible produced. 

9. Instructions for Writing. —Enough force should be used to 
produce a firm and full movement.^ causing the lever to strike 
alternately upon the platinum points and the set screw. 

No motion should proceed from the fingers or thumb, they only 
being required to grasp the key easily; the force or movement all 
originate in the hand and wrist, and should be directly up and 
down, moving through a distance of about three-quarters of an 
inch; the wrist, hand, fingers and key should move in the same 
direction at the same time. Very few students write with enough 
force, and their movement is inclined to be limited, making the 
letters too quickly, and not forming a firm contact between the 
platinum points. This produces what is termed “ clipping,” or cut¬ 
ting the letters short, and should be very carefully guarded against. 
Tapping upon the key must be avoided, as it is almost impossible 
for one who has acquired this habit to ever write in a proper 
manner. 

In practicing writing, the utmost care and pains should be exer¬ 
cised, the student striving for accuracy rather than speed. Each 
letter should be made firm and distinct; writing slowly, and as 
regular as possible. Speed tvill come by itself with the necessary 
practice. Never attempt to write faster than you can well. 

10. Remarks. —Good writing depends in a great measure upon 
proper spacing; and it is of the utmost importance to the student 
to become perfectly familiar with the relative value of the above 
spaces, and that they are strictly applied in practice. Uniformity 
and accuracy in spacing is of fully as much inij)ortance as the for¬ 
mation of the letters themselves. However rapid the writing may 
be, the spaces must have the same relative value. 

The unit or dot may vary in length, according to circumstances, 
but the elements (1) should always bear the same proportion to each 
other. The length of the unit increases with the length and the re¬ 
sistance of the circuit. For instance, in working through a long 
submarine line, the dot has to be made longer than the dash itself 


10 


Bryant’s treatise on telegrahhy, 


under ordinary circumstances. The same thing occurs in working 
through repeaters, but not to so great an extent. 

11. Rules for Spacing. —That the student may more fully com¬ 
prehend the rules for spacing, and the length of the ditferent ele¬ 
ments, we produce the following in table form : 


The dot equals ..... 

The short dash ...... 

The long dash ...... 

The break ....... 

The space employed in the “ spaced letters ” 
The space separating the letters of a word 
The space separating words 


0716 unit, 
three units, 
six units, 
one unit, 
two units, 
three units, 
six units. 


There are two important exceptions to this rule: 

Double E should contain a space nearly equal to that between 
words. 

Double L, or a repetition of the cipher, need not be spaced, and 
are not generally. If correctly made they cannot be misunderstood, 
as the long dash is never used in combination. 

The above rules should be thoroughly learned by the student be¬ 
fore proceeding further. 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


11 


CHAPTER 11. 


ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES-LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 

12. The Principles. —The plan of elementary instruction, de¬ 
vised by Prof. Smith,* has always been employed in this College, 
and accepted as the best. 

It consists of the following six elementary principles, which should 
be thoroughly mastered before any attempt is made to form the 
other characters: 


First Principle, 
Second 


Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth 






u 


u 


u 


Dots close together. 

Dashes close together. 

Lone dots. 

Lone dashes. 

A dot with a dash closely following. 

A dash, closely followed by a dot. 

13. Practice .—The student may now proceed to practice upon 
an instrument, taking the principles up in their respective order, 
and acquiring a perfect formation of each before proceeding further. 

Under no circumstances should the student attempt to learn or 
practice the letters in alphabetical order, as it is sure to prove a 
drawback, and may cause very serious results. The old maxim, 
“ Haste makes waste,” is very applicable here. Beginners are very 
liable to attempt writing their names or short sentences before hav¬ 
ing mastered .the principles or exercises. This must be strictly 
avoided in order to produce the most favorable results. 

Firm, steady writing can only be attained by a slow and gradual 
advancement, and should be accomplished at any sacrifice of time 
and practice. 

14. First Principle .—Commence by making a series of dots at 
regular intervals, with the utmost uniformity. Counting regularly 
will render valuable assistance in making the dots of uniform length. 
The following diagram illustrates the proportion referred to: 



The space between the dots, and the dots themselves, should be 


* In Smith’s Manual of Telegraphy. Published by L. G. Tillotson & Co., New York. 











12 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 

made of equal length. The tick of a watch or of a short pendulum 
can also he used to advantage to time the movements by. This 
principle should be drilled upon until the dots can be produced as 
regularly as if made by clock work. 

Great care should be taken to make the dots firm and distinct. 
The common fault of beginners is to make the dots too suddenly.^ 
not giving time for a firm contact between the platinum points, thus 
“clipping” the letters too short. No attempt at speed should be 
made until perfectly familiar with the entire alphabet, when the rate 
may be gradually increased. 

15. Second Principle. —Proceed to make dashes at the rate of 
about one per second, slowly increasing to three. Uniformity is 
also very desirable here, but the great object to be obtained is the 
proximity of the dashes, they being made as close together as 
possible. 



The above diagram shows the length of the dashes to be three 
units. The break equaling one unit, should be employed instead 
of the space to separate the elements. The customary fault is to 
introduce too much space between the dashes. The surest way to 
overcome this difficulty is to hold the lever down long enough to 
form the first dash ; and to make the second dash, allow the hand 
to move suddenly upward, bringing it down again at once as if the 
first movement w^ere a mistake—that is, simply allo-w 'a flash of the 
hand upward, repeating this at regular intervals to form continuous 
dashes. 

If the movement is full it is impossible to make the dashes too 
close together, wdiere only a break is required. 

16. Third Principle. —Only occurs once in the alphabet and 
forms the letter E. It is made by a firm downward movement of 
the key. Care should be taken not to prolong the dot, thus making 
a short dash. The hand must not be lifted from the key during the 
intervals betw^een the dots, but an easy, firm grasp maintained, ex¬ 
erting an upward pressure with the thumb, so as not to rely entirelv 
upon the spring to throw the lever back. 

IT. Pourth Principle. —Forming the T, L, and the cipher, is 
somewhat more difficult than the letter E. Without extra caution 
the right proportion will not be given these dashes. The T is 



FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


13 


usually made too long and the L too short. The L dash is almost 
invariably given less than its proper length. If the rule is correctly 
observed, it should be made six units in duration. 

It is not necessary to make the cipher any longer than the L, as 
hitherto explained. The T should be made simply long enough to 
distinguish it without doubt from the dot, and the L and 0 given 
twice the duration. 

18. Fifth Frinciple. —Is formed of a dot closely followed by a 
dash, and represents letter A. The usual tendency is to make the 
dot and dash of almost equal length, resembling letter M more than 
A, and also to leave too much space between the elements, which 
should be made as compact as possible. 

The pronunciation of the word again with a strong accent upon 
the second syllable, will furnish very correct time for this letter. 

19. Sixth Principle. —Consists of a dash, closely followed by a 
dot, representing letter N. This principle, though not so difficult 
as the preceding, offers some obstacles to the beginner. The break 
between the elements is almost universally made too great, thus 
separating the letter and forming T E of it. To overcome this, 
make the dash extra long at first, and to form the dot give the hand 
a rapid flash, as if to connect the dot on the dash. 

The student must not think of giving a space, or even a break, 
between the elements. Time the movement by pronouncing the 
word ninety, dwelling upon the first syllable longer than usual, and 
clipping the last very short. 

20. The Student. —Having acquired a perfect formation of the 
six elementary principles, the following lessons should be taken up 
in order, each character being practiced upon until it can be made 
perfectly, before the next is attempted. 

LESSON I. 

E I S H P 6 



21. These constitute what are termed the dotted letters, and should 
be practiced separately until the correct number of dots represent¬ 
ing each letter can be made invariably. The usual tendency is to 
prolong the last dot, making it a dash. Make slowly at first, count¬ 
ing the number of dots in each letter, and gradually increase the 
speed until they can be made with moderate rapidity, with the last 




14 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


(lot iioither lonsfer nor sliorter than the others. Continne practice 
until they can be made regularly, forming each one but once before 
proceeding to the next. 


LESSON II. 


T M 5 t L or 0 



22. In practicing this lesson, great caution is required not to 
leave too much space between the elements. The dashes should be 
made of an equal length—three units each—and the hreah as short 
as it is possible to make it. Simply allow a flash of the hand 
upward, returning to the downward position in the shortest possi¬ 
ble time. It is customary for beginners, to shorten the last dash, 
where two or more occur together; this should be carefully 
avoided. 


LESSON III. 

0 

A U V 4 



23. The fault particularly to be avoided in this lesson, is giving too 
much space between the dot and the dash. If the student Avill 
observe that the dash is produced by simply prolonging the last dot 
of tlie I, S, II and P, the difficulty will be readily overcome. Allow 
the dash to follow the dots just as closely as if it were a dot itself. 


LESSON IV. 

I A S U 



11 V P 4 

24. The student should practice the above in couples as represented, 
without making any letter twice in succession. This arrangement 
is intended to illustrate the similarity of the characters thus 
coupled. The difference should be thoroughly imjiressed upon the 
mind of the beginner. 
































FOR THE BUFFALO TP]LEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


15 


LESSON V. 

N D B 8 



25. Instructions having already been given for the formation 
of the sixth principle, or letter N, little difficulty will be experi¬ 
enced with the above. The dots should follow closely after the 
dash. Avoid prolonging the last dot by making it with a move¬ 
ment seemingly quicker than employed for the others. 

LESSON VI. 

AFX Parenthesis. 



Comma. Semicolon. W 1 , 

26. In the above, all the characters begin with A. It will be impos¬ 
sible for the student to master this lesson, unless a correct forma¬ 
tion of Lessons II. and III. have been acquired,which will assist mate¬ 
rially. The elements in each character must be made compact, 
leaving only breaks between the dots and dashes. The second 
letter, F, is probably the most difficult of any in this lesson. It 
should be commenced the same as A, and finished like N. It will 
be found much easier to make the dash extra long at first, in order 
to place the dots close enough. This rule will apply to all the 
other characters in this lesson, gradually shortening the dash until 
the correct length is attained. Notice that the Parenthesis may 
be formed by running A V together; the Semicolon by A F, and 
figure 1 by A N. 

Another point on which the student requires to be particularly 
cautious, is the tendency to make the dashes of unequal length 
where two or more occur together, not giving the last one sufficient 
length. 

LESSON VII. 

U Q 2 Period. 3 















































































































16 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


27. In this lesson the characters all begin the same as U. The first 
will be found comparatively eas*y, only the last two presenting any 
difficulty. The period may be formed by running U D together, 
taking care to make the dashes of equal length, and leaving no 
space between them. V E written in close connection, will form 
figure 3. 


LESSON VIII. 



Italics. G 7 Exclamation. 

28. This lesson begins with J and K, usually considered the most 
difficult letters in the alphabet. A perfect formation of K should 
be acquired before attempting to make J. The best rule for form¬ 
ing K is to make T A in close succession, leaving as little space as 
possible between them. 

After K can be made with facility, try the J by starting off as if 
K was to be made again, and then add a dot closely after the last 
dash. Unusual care should be taken to make the J close and com¬ 
pact or it will be separated into double N. 

Figure 9 may be formed by closely uniting T and U. * 


LESSON TX. 

O R & C Z Y 



29. Consist entirely of what are called the “ spaced letters,” requir¬ 
ing careful attention in order to secure a correct formation It will 
be noticed by the diagram that when the space is employed it is 
just double that ordinarily used between the elements of a letter, 
or equaling two units in value. The common fault is to make the 
space too great. It should be of sufficient length to distinguish it 
readily from I, S and H. 

30. HemarJcs .—From the diagrams and explanations given, the 
student should possess a good knowledge of the various elements, 
characters, &c., and be perfectly familiar with their relative value, 
applying all rules for spacing (11), and the duration of elements, 
strictly in his future practice. 




FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


17 


Granting that the student has thoroughly mastered the preceding 
lessons, Ave present, in complete form, the following diagram alpha¬ 
bet, so arranged that the relative value of each character may be 
seen at a glance. These should now be committed to memory, be¬ 
fore proceeding further. 



3 



































































































18 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


31. Exercises .—The following exercises should be carefully 
practiced by the student. The repeating of each letter three 
times will be found very beneficial, until the beginner has secured 
a perfect formation of all the letters in tlie alphabet. 

These should be thoroughly mastered before any attempt is made 
to write sentences. Repeat the exercises three or four times if 
necessary, in order to secure perfection, remembering to form the 
exercises exactly, without making any letter more or less than three 
times. 

When an exercise can be produced entirely without mistake, the 
succeeding one may be taken up. 

EXERCISE 1. 


aaa 

hhh 


aaa 

riT’ kkk 

aaa 

mmm 


aaa 

sss kkk 

aaa 

nnn 


aaa 

ttt eee 

aaa 

sss 


aaa 

nun nnn ttt 

aaa 

ttt 


aaa 

vvv eee rrr 


yyy 


aaa 

WWW aaa yyy 


iii rrr 


aaa 

WWW 111 sss 


nnn ddd 


aaa 

XXX iii sss 

aaa 

rrr eee 


aaa 

yyy yyy 




EXERCISE 

II. 

bbb 

aaa ddd 


bbb 

o 

o 

o 

bbb 

aaa rrr 

kkk 

bbb 

000 ddd yyy 

bbb 

aaa rrr 

nnn 

bbb 

rrr aaa " 2 : 21 : 

bbb 

eee ddd 


bbb 

rrr iii mmm 

bbb 

eee nnn 

ddd 

bbb 

null mmm ])j)p 

bbb 

iii ggg 


bbb 

uuu rrr nnn 

bbb 

iii aaa sss 

bbb 

nun 111 kkk 

bbb 

111 000 WWW 

bbb 

uuu zzz zzz 

bbb 

000 XXX 


bbb 

yyy ri*i- eee 





•exercise 

III. 




ccc 

aaa bbb 

sss 

ccc 

rrr 

000 

000 

kkk 

ccc 

eee nnn 

ttt 

ccc 

rrr 

uuu 

ddd 

eee 

ccc 

hhh aaa 

ddd 

ccc 

uuu 

fff 

fff 

sss 

ccc 

iii ttt yyy 

ccc 

uuu 

n-r 

rrr 

yyy 

ccc 

111 aaa mmm 

ccc 

yyy 

ccc 

111 

eee 

ccc 

000 aaa 

XXX 

ccc 

yyy 

nnn 

• • • 

111 

ccc 

ccc 

rrr aaa 

fff ttt 

ccc 

zzz 

aaa 

rrr 



19 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


EXERCISE IV. 


<ldd 

aaa 

mmm ppp 

ddd 

rrr aaa ggg 

ildd 

aaa 

rrr eee 

ddd 

rrr aaa nnn kkk 

ddd 

aaa 

uuu nnn ttt 

ddd 

rrr aaa ppp eee 

ddd 

aaa 

WWW nnn 

ddd 

uuu nnn ccc eee 

ddd 

eee 

aaa ddd 

ddd 

uuu mmm bbb 

ddd 

eee 

bbb iii ttt sss 

ddd 

WWW aaa rrr fff 

ddd 

• • • 

111 

sss kkk 

ddd 

WWW eee 111 111 

<ldd 

ooo 

111 111 

ddd 

yyy iii mm ggg 

ddd 

ooo 

WWW nnn 

ddd 

yyy kkk eee 




EXERCISE 

V. 

eee 

aaa 

rrr 111 

eee 

mmm bbb eee rrr 

eee 

aaa 

sss ttt 

eee 

nnn aaa ccc ttt 

(H*e 

bbb 

bbb 

eee 

ppp iii ccc 

eee 

ccc 

lilih ooo 

eee 

qqq uuu aaa 111 

eee 

ddd 

j^oro; eee 

eee 

qqq uuu iii ppp 

eee 

eee 

111 

eee 

rrr rrr ooo rrr 

t‘ee 

OTTO* 

r'r'rs 

ggg sss 

eee 

sss ccc ooo rrr ttt 

eee 

kkk 

eee ddd 

eee 

ttt hhh iii ccc 

eee 

111 sss eee 

eee 

vvv ooo kkk eee 




EXERCISE VI. 


IIT aaa ccc eee 
fff aaa ccc ttt 

fff aaa iii nnn ttt 

fff eee aaa rrr 

fff eee aaa sss ttt 

fff iii eee 111 ddd 

fff iii sss hlih 

fff 111 aaa nimm eee 

fff 111 aaa xxx 


fff ooo ccc Him sss 
fff ooo iii 111 
fff rrr eee aaa kkk 

fff rrr eee sss hhli 

fff rrr uuu iii ttt 

fff uuu eee 111 
fff uuu 111 111 yyy 
fff uuu mmm eee 
fff uuu rrr ooo rrr 


EXERCISE VII. 


Ui’V aaa fff fff 
i>gg aaa mmm eee 
ogg eee eee sss eee 

ooro' lilih ooo sss ttt 

ggg rrr aaa nnn ttt 

ggg iii ppp sss yyy 

111 aaa ddd 


cro'O' 111 aaa rrr eee 
111 aaa sss sss 

ooo 

GTGfir nnn aaa 'vvww 

O OO 

ggg ooo iii nnn ggg 
o[q:o' ooo ooo ddd 

OOO 

ororjT rrr aaa iii nnn 

OOO 

scoror uuu 111 ccc llllll 

OOO 


20 Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 

EXERCISE VIII. 


hhh 


null 

ddd 

hhh 

mill 

fff fff yyy 

lihh 


PPP 

PPP yyy 

hhh 

11 nil 

mmm bbb 111 eee 

hhll 

cXcXcX 

zzz 

eee 111 

hhh 

iiiiii 

rrr rrr yyy 

hhh 

eee 

<l(X<X 

111 ttt hhh 

hhh 

Him 

zzz zzz aaa 

hlih 

eee 

aaa 

vvv yyy 

hhh 

yyy 

eee nnn aaa 

hhh 

eee 

WWW linn 

hhh 

yyy 

kkk eee 

hhll 

• • • 

111 

ttt ccc hhh 

hhh 

yyy 

mmm nnn 

hlih 

000 

aaa 

XXX 

hhh 

yyy 

pjip hhh eee nnn 

hhh 

000 

riT 

rrr ooo rrr 

hhh 

yyy 

sss 000 nnn 


EXERCISE IX. 


iii 

bbb 

eee xxx 

• • • 

111 

mmm ppp aaa rrr ttt 

iii 

ccc 

eee 

iii 

mmm ppp 111 eee xxx 

iii 

ddd 

eee aaa 

• • • 

111 

nnn 

ccc hhh 

iii 

ddd 

111 eee 

• • • 

111 

nnn 

ccc 111 Him ddd eee 

iii 

ggg 

nnn iii ttt eee 

• •« 

111 

nnn 

ccc ooo mmm eee 

iii 

ggg 

nnn ooo rrr eee 

• • • 

111 

nnn 

ttt ooo 

iii 

111 111 null ddd eee 

iii 

rrr 

ooo nnn 

iii 

mmm aaa ggg eee 

• • • 

111 

sss 

sss nun eee 

iii 

mmm ppp aaa iii rrr 

• • • 

111 

vvv 

ooo rrr yyy ■ 


EXERCISE X. 


.ii.i 

aaa 

ccc ooo bbb 

• • • 

J.1.1 

iii bbb 

iii nnn 

O’er or 


aaa 

crcrcr fxorg' 

• • • 

,1J.] 

iii fff fff yyy 


JJj 

aaa 

iii 111 

• • • 

.1.1,1 

iii nnn 

ggg "* 

eee 

.iii 

aaa 

mmm 

» • • 

JJJ 

ooo 

hhh nnn 


.i.ij 

aaa 

nnn eee 


ooo 

iii 

nnn 


.ijj 

aaa 

ppp aaa nnn 

.Hi 

ooo 

iii 

sss ttt 


.11) 

eee 

rrr kkk 

• • • 

.1.1J 

nnn 

ddd ggg eee 

J.1) 

eee 

sss ttt eee rrr 

.iiJ 

nnn 

rrr 

ooo rrr 



eee 

WWW eee 111 

• • • 

j.1.1 

nnn 

sss 

ttt 



EXERCISE XI. 


kkk 

eee 

ddd 

ggg eee 


kkk 

• • • 

111 

nnn ggg 

kkk 

eee 

eee 

111 


kkk 

• • • 

111 

rrr kkk 

kkk 

eee 

nnn 

nnn eee 

111 

kkk 

• • • 

111 

ttt ttt 111 eee 

kkk 

eee 

ttt 

ccc hhh 


kkk 

111 

iii ccc kkk 

kkk 

iii 

ddd 

nnn aaa 

PPP 

kkk 

nnn aaa ccc kkk 

kkk 

iii 

111 111 

kkk 

nnn iii ggg hhh 

kkk 

iii 

nnn 

ddd 


kkk 

nnn ooo ccc kkk 






FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


21 


EXERCISE XIL 


111 aaa bbb eee 111 

111 aaa bbb ooo rrr 

111 aaa ccc kkk 

111 aaa www fff uuu III 

111 eee aaa ddd 

111 eee aaa rrr nnn ttt 

111 eee aaa sss ttt 

111 eee ccc ttt uuu rrr eee 

111 iii aaa bbb 111 eee 


111 iii bbb eee 111 

111 iii bbb eee rrr ttt yyy 

111 iii ccc eee nun sss eee 

111 iii ggg hhh ttt 

111 iii qqq uuu ooo rrr 

111 ooo flf ttt yyy 

111 ooo ggg iii ccc 

111 uuu ccc iii ddd 

111 uuu XXX uuu rrr yyy 


EXERCISE XIII. 


in turn 

aaa 

nun 




niiiiin 

aaa 

ccc 

hhh 

• • • 

111 

nnn eee 

inmm 

aaa 

ornrty 

nnn 

eee ttt 

innim 

aaa 

Of (TO* 

nnn 

iii 

fff yyy 

nimiu 

aaa 

iii 111 



Ml mm 

aaa 

kkk 

iii nnn 

O'or Of 

oco 

riimm 

eee 

aaa 

nnn 



mmm 

eee 

aaa 

sss uuu 

rrr eee 

mmm 

eee 

ddd 

aaa 

111 



mmm 

eee 

nnn 

ttt iii 

ooo 

nnn 

mmm 

eee 

sss 

sss aaa 

O'O'Of 

ano 

eee 

mmm 

iii ddd 

sss ttt 



mmm 

iii ggg 

hhh ttt 



mmm 

ooo 

ddd 

. eee 111 



mmm 

ooo 

ddd 

eee sss ttt 

yyy 

mmm 

uuu 

fff 

fff 111 eee ddd ' 

mmm 

uuu 

zzz 

zzz 111 

eee 


mmm 

yyy 

sss 

ttt eee 

rrr 

yyy 


EXERCISE XIV. 


nnn 

aaa 

, ttt 

iii ooo 

nnn 

nnn 

ooo 

bbb 111 eee 



nnn 

aaa 

ttt 

iii vvv 

eee 

nnn 

ooo 

bbb ooo ddd yyy 

nnn 

aaa 

vvv yyy 


nnn 

ooo 

iii sss eee 



nnn 

eee 

aaa 

rrr 

111 

yyy 

nnn 

ooo 

mmm iii nnn aaa 111 

nnn 

eee 

aaa 

ttt 

111 

yyy 

nnn 

ooo 

ttt hhh iii 

nnn 

(r<r(T 

ooo 

nnn 

eee 

eee 

ddd 

111 

eee 

nnn 

ooo 

ttt iii ccc 

eee 


nnn 

• • • 

111 

ccc 

eee 



nnn 

uuu 

mmm bbb 

eee 

rrr 

nnn 

iii 

Of Of Of 

hhh 

ttt 


nnn 

uuu 

zzz zzz 111 

eee 


nnn 

• • • 

111 

ttt rrr iii ccc 

mill 

yyy 

mmm ppp 

hhh 



EXERCISE XV. 


ooo 

aaa 

kkk 

eee 

nnn 

ooo 

ggg 

111 

iii nnn 

Of O'O' 
to»C3 

ooo 

aaa 

sss 

iii sss 

ooo 

mmm iii 

nnn ooo uuu 

ooo 

bbb. 

• • • 

J.)J 

eee 

ccc ttt 

ooo 

nnn 

111 

yyy 



ooo 

bbb 

ttt 

aaa 

iii nnn 

ooo 

ooo 

zzz 

eee 



ooo 

ccc 

ccc 

uuu 

PPP yyy 

ooo 

PPP 

eee 

nnn 

eee ddd 

ooo 

ddd 

ddd 

iii 

ttt yyy 

ooo 

rrr 

ddd 

eee 

rrr 


ooo 

fff fff eee nnn ddd 

ooo 

yyy 

sss 

ttt 

eee 

rrr 


Bryant’s t'rkatisp: on telegraphy, 
EXERCISE XVI. 


ppp 


ccc iii 

fCf yyy 

PPP 

111 aaa 

ccc eee 


ppp 


rrr ddd 

ooo iiiin 

ppp 

111 aaa 

nnn ttt eee 

rrr 

I>pp 

<1(1 cl 

yyy 

nnn ggsf 

PPP 

000 

ccc 

kkk eee ttt 

ppp 

eee 

aaa ccc 

eee 

PPP 

000 

• * * 

111 

nnn tit 


ppp 

eee 

iinii ccc 

iii 111 

PPP 

rrr 

000 

ccc eee eee ddd 

ppp 

eee 

rrr iii 111 

PPP 

sss 


111 mmni 


ppp 

hhh 

iii aaa 

111 

PPP 

UlIU 

Ill 

111 iii nnn 

(Tcrtr 

ppp 

iii 

ccc nnii 

iii ccc 

PPP 

yyy 

rrr 

aaa ramm 

iii dd 

ppp 

• • • 

111 

eee ccc 

eee 

PPP 

yyy 

XXX iii sss 



EXERCISE XVII. 


qqq 

null 

aaa 

bbb 


qqq 

uuu 

aaa 

sss 

hhh 



4qq 

uuu 

aaa 

ccc 

kkk 

qqq 

uuu 

eee 

eee 

nnn 

111 

yyy 

qqq 

111111 

aaa 

iii 111 

qqq 

uuu 

eee 

nnn ccc 

hhh 

qqq 

uuu 

aaa 

iii nnn ttt 

qqq 

uuu 

eee 

rrr 

yyy 



qqq 

uuu 

aaa 

kkk 

eee 

qqq 

Him 

iii 

bbb 

bbb 

111 

eee 

qqq 

uuu 

aaa 

rrr 

rrr yyy 

qqq 

uuu 

• • • 

111 

ccc 

kkk 

111 

yyy 

qqq 

uuu 

aaa 

rrr 

ttt 

qqq 

uuu 

• • • 

111 

eee 

ttt 



qqq 

uuu 

aaa 

rrr 

ttt ooo 

qqq 

uuu 

iii 

ttt 




qqq 

uuu 

aaa 

rrr 

ttt zzz 

qqq 

uuu 

iii 

zzz 

zzz eee 

rrr 


EXERCISE XVIII. 


rrr 

aaa 

bbb 

bbb iii ttt 

rrr 

iii nnn orors: hi 

nnn ggg 

rrr 

aaa 

ccc 

eee 

rrr 

iii vvv aaa 111 


ri r 

aaa 

iii 111 

rrr 

ooo 

111 111 iii nnn ggg 

rrr 

aaa 

ppp 

iii ddd sss 

rrr 

ooo 

ttt ttt eee 

nnn 

rrr 

eee 

aaa 

ccc hhh 

rrr 

ooo 

vvv iii nnn 

crcrcr 

rrr 

eee 

aaa 

sss ooo nnn 

rrr 

ooo 

uuu sss eee 

rrr 

rrr 

eee 

WWW aaa rrr ddd 

rrr 

uuu 

ddd eee 111 

yyy 

rrr 

hhh 

yyy 

mmm eee 

rrr 

uuu 

111 iii nnn 

pfcro* 

rrr 

iii ddd iii nnn ggg 

rrr 

uuu 

ttt hhh fff 

UUU 111 




EXERCISE 

XIX. 



sss 

aaa 

ddd 

ddd Ill eee 

sss 

Ill aaa sss hhh 


sss 

aaa 

XXX 

ooo nnn 

' sss 

mmm aaa sss hhh 

sss 

ccc 

aaa 

rrr ccc eee 

sss 

nnn 

ooo WWW iii nnn ggg 

sss 

eee 

aaa 

rrr ccc hhh 

sss 

ooo 

ccc iii aaa 

111 

sss 

hhh 

aaa 

bbb bbb yyy 

sss 

PPP 

eee ccc ttt 

rrr eee 

sss 

iii ccc kkk 111 yyy , 

sss 

uuu 

bbb jjj eee 

ccc ttt 

sss 

kkk 

eee 

ttt ccc hhh 

sss 

yyy 

sss ttt eee 

mmm 


FOK tup: liUP^FALO Ti^LEGRAFII COLLEGP:. 
EXERCISE XX. 


28 


ttt 

<1<1 A 

bbb 

111 

eee 

ttt 

iii 

ccc I 

ttt 

aaa 

ccc 

kkk 

111 eee 

ttt 

iii ddd i 

ttt 

aaa 

iii 111 GOO rrr 

ttt 

GOO 

nnn 

ttt 

aaa 

kkk 

eee 

nnn 

ttt 

GOG 

rrr 

ttt 

eee 

sss 

ttt 


ttt 

ITr 

aaa 

ttt 

eee 

XXX 

aaa 

8SS 

ttt 

rrr 

nun 

ttt 

lihh 

eee 

• • • 

111 

rrr 

ttt 

Him 

mmi 

ttt 

hhh 

eee 

linn 

ccc eee 

ttt 

null 

nnn 

ttt 

hhh 

aaa 

ttt 

. 

ttt 

nun 

rrr 




vvv eee 111 


kkk 


eee 


yyy 


EXERCISE XXL 


null 

0*(T(T 

'll yyy 

imu 

sss 

hhh 

eee 

rrr 


null 

mtnni ppp iii rrr eee 

mm 

sss 

mm 

aaa 

111 


Ullll 

nnn 

bbb iii nnn ddd 

mm 

sss 

mm 

rrr 

eee 

rrr 

UllU 

nnn 

ttt GOO 

mm 

sss 

mm 

rrr 

ppp 

eee rrr 

UllU 

ppp 

GOG nnn 

nun 

ttt 

eee 

nnn 

sss 

iii 111 

mm 

rrr 

ccc lihh iii nnn 

Him 

ttt 

iii 111 iii 

zzz 

eee 

Him 

rrr 

ggg eee 

umi 

ttt 

innirn ooo sss ttt 

mill 

sss 

aaa ggg eee 

mm 

ttt 

ttt 

eee rrr eee ddd 

mm 

sss 

eee fff* mm 111 

mm 

vvv 

eee 

: GOG 

mm sss 


EXERCISE XXII. 


vvv 

aaa 

ccc 

aaa 

ttt eee 

vvv 

eee 

XXX eee 

ddd 


vvv 

aaa 

ccc 

mm 

Him mnim 

vvv 

• • • 

111 

ccc 

iii ooo mm 

sss 

vvv 

aaa 

ggg mm eee 

OOO 

vvv 

iii 

ccc 

ttt ooo rrr 

yyy 

vvv 

aaa 

iii 

nnn 


vvv 

• • • 

111 

eee 

WWW 



vvv 

aaa 

111 

iii ddd 

vvv 

iii 

ooo 

IR eee ttt 


vvv 

aaa 

111 

mm 

eee 

vvv 

• • • 

111 

sss 

iii ooo nnn 


vvv 

aaa 

null 

. Ill 

ttt 

vvv 

ooo 

111 

mm 

mmm 

eee 

vvv 

eee 

nnn 

mm 

sss 

vvv 

000 

mm ccc 

hhh 


vvv 

eee 

sss 

sss 

eee 111 

vvv 

imu 111 

crcrcr 

aaa rrr 


EXERCISE XXIII. 


WWW 


ggg oee 

rrr 

WWW 

hhh 

eee 

i*rr 

eee 


WWW 

<in{i 

(To-o* 000 

nnn 

WWW 

hhh 

iii 

111 eee 


WWW 


111 kkk eee rrr 

WWW 

iii ccc kkk 

eee ddd- 

WWW 

nn. cl 

rrr mmm 

ttt hhh 

WWW 

ooo 

nnn 

ddd eee 

rrr 

WWW 

eee 

aaa 111 ttt hhh 

WWW 

rrr 

eee 

ccc 

kkk eee ddd 

WWW 

eee 

aaa ppp 

ooo nnn 

WWW 

rrr 

ooo 

nnn 

(Tty or 


WWW 

eee 

aaa ttt hhh "eee rrr 

WWW 

rrr 

ooo 

mm 

crcrcr 

ooo 

hhh ttt 


24 


liRYANT's TREATISE ON TELEGRAPHY, 
EXERCISE XXIV. 


XXX 

aaa 

nnn 

ttt 

hhh 

eee 

XXX 

eee 

uuu 

XXX eee sss 

XXX 

aaa 

nnn 

ttt 

hhh 

iii ccc 

XXX 

iii ppp 

hhh iii aaa sss 

XXX 

aaa 

nnn 

ttt 

hhh 

iii ddd 

XXX 

iii ppp 

hhh ooo iii ddd 

XXX 

aaa 

nnn 

ttt 

hhh 

uuu sss 

XXX 

yyy 

111 

iii ttt eee 

1 

XXX 

eee 

bbb 

eee 

ccc 


XXX 

yyy 

ppp 

eee ttt eee 

XXX 

eee 

nnn 

eee 

uuu 

sss 

XXX 

yyy 

sss 

ttt 

XXX 

eee 

riT 

000 

ddd 

eee sss 

XXX 

yyy 

sss 

ttt ooo sss 

XXX 

eee 

ITT* 

000 

ttt eee sss 

XXX 

yyy 

sss 

ttt eee rrr 

XXX 

eee 

ITT 

XXX 

eee 

sss 

XXX 

yyy 

sss 

ttt iii ccc 

• 





EXERCISE XXV. 



.vyy 

aaa 

ccc 

bhh 

ttt 


yyy 

iii eee 111 ddd 

yyy 

aaa 

nnn 

kkk eee 

eee 

yyy 

ooo 

nnu 

ddd eee rrr 

yyy 

aaa 

ITT 

ddd 



yyy 

ooo 

uuu 

nnn 

yyy 

aaa 

rrr 

nnn 

, 


yyy 

ooo 

uuu 

rrrr 

yyy 

aaa- 

WWW nnn 


yyy 

ooo 

uuu 

ttt hhh 

yyy 

eee 

aaa 

rrr 

111 yyy 

yyy 

ttt 

ttt rrr iii aaa 

yyy 

eee 

aaa 

rrr 

nnn 


yyy 

uuu 

ft'f 

ttt sss 

yyy 

eee 

111 111 eee ddd 

yyy 

uuu 

111 

eee 

yvv 

•/ * «/ 

eee 

ooo 

mmm aaa nnn 

yyy 

uuu 

XXX 



EXERCISE XXVI. 


zzz 

aaa 

fff fff eee rn 

% 

zzz 

eee 

ooo 

111 iii ttt 

eee 

zzz 

aaa 

mmm bbb ooo 

zzz 

eee 

ppp 

hhh 

VYV 

t ^ V 

rrr 

zzz 

aaa 

mmm iii 

ttt 

eee 

zzz 

eee 

rrr 

ooo 



zzz 

aaa 

ppp 

ooo 

ttt 

eee 

zzz 

eee 

sss ■ 

ttt 



zzz 

aaa 

yyy 

aaa 

ttt 


zzz 

iii ggg ; 

zzz aaa ggg 

zzz 

eee 

aaa 

111 



zzz 

iii nnn < 

ccc 



zzz 

eee 

aaa 

111 ooo ttt 

zzz 

ooo 

nnn 

eee 

SSS 


zzz 

eee 

ccc 

hhh 

iii nnn 

zzz 

ooo 

uuu 

nnn 

ddd 

sss 

zzz 

eee 

nnn 

iii ttt hhh 

zzz 

yyy 

mrnm aaa ttt 

eee 






EXERCISE XXVII 





111 

222 

333 

444 

555 

OOO 

888 

999 

111 

222 

333 

OOO 

222 

333 

444 

555 

666 

OOO 

999 

888 

777 

666 

555 

OOO 

383 

444 

555 

666 

777 

OOO 

888 

777 

666 

555 

444 

OOO 

444 

555 

666 

777 

888 

OOO 

777 

666 

555 

444 

333 

OOO 

555 

666 

777 

888 

999 

ooo 

666 

555 

444 

333 

222 

OOO 

666 

777 

888 

999 

111 

ooo 

555 

444 

333 

222 

111 

OOO 

777 

888 

999 

111 

222 

ooo 

444 

333 

222 

111 

999 

OOO 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


25 


EXERCISE XXVIII. 


• • • 

• • • 

5?) 5?) 

111 

??? !!! ()()() 3 Italics 


;;; til 

• • • 

!!! ()(){) 3 Italics "IT! 

• • • 

111 

• • • 


()()() 3 Italics ??? !!! 

m - 


• • • 

3 Italics ??? !!! ()()'() 

• * • 

• • • 


??? !!! ()()() 3 Italics 


;;; 111 

• • • 

!!! ()()() 3 Italics ??? 

• • • 

)55 

'111 

• • • 

J?? 

()()() 3 Italics ??? !!! 

m ... 


• • • 

50 

3 Italics ??? !!! {)()() 


EXERCISE XXIX* 


X 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

X 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

1 0 

10 10 

11 11 11 

12 12 12 

13 1 3 A 3 

2 



3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

T 

5 

s 

1 1 

1111 

12 12 l¥ 

1 3 T3 13 

1 T 14 14 

a 

75 

5. 

6 

1 

6 

7 

6 

7 

6 

7 

A 

8 

A 

8 

A 

8 

8 

¥ 

8 

9 

8 

¥ 

t 4 
l¥ 

14 14 

1 5 IT 

15 15 15 

16 175 16 

16 16 16 
17 17 17 

17 17 17 

1 8 T¥ T¥ 


2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

1 8 

18 18 

19 19 19 

2 0 2 0 2 0 

21 21 21 

.3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

(y 

6 

1 9 

1 9 l¥ 

2 0 2 0 ¥0 

2 1 2 1 ¥l 

¥2 ¥¥¥¥ 

(5 

R 

fi 

J. 

7 

A 

8 

8 

8 

1 

1 

1 

2 2 

2 2 2 2 

2 3 2 3 2 A 

2 4 2 4 2 4 

25 2525 

1 

7 

T 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

2 

2 

2 

¥3 

2 3 ¥3 

¥4 ¥4 ¥4 

¥¥¥¥ 2t 

¥¥ ¥6 ¥¥ 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

fi 

fi 

fi 

21 

2A 21 

2 8 2 8 2 8 

29 29 29 

3 0 3 0 10 

4 

4 

4 

6 

5 

& 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

2A 

¥8 ¥8 

¥9 ¥¥ ¥¥ 

¥0 30 30 

3T ¥T 3T 

1 

1 

A 

8 

8 

8 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

5 

7 

2_4 6 9 

7 3 6 1 

4 5 8 9 

.S 

8 

8 

d 

9 

9 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

2T4 54 0 

14T 7¥¥ 

T8 0 ¥6 7 

T9¥ 4¥o 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

R 

fi 

R 

7 

1 

7 

7 5 

5 6 

7 1 9 2 6 

3 2 1 12 6 

7 9 8 8 


1 

t 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

8 

8 

8 

¥6. 

4 ¥7¥ 

¥4¥ 9¥2 

642 4 89 

12 0 ¥4 0 


3 

12*. 


Fractions 

are 

written 

telegr 

aphically by first wi 

ritino; tin* 

O 


minierator and leaving a space of. three imits^ then one dot, to repre? 
sent the dividing line, and another space of three units followed by 
tlie denominator, e.: 

1 . . 3 . 

^- - 4 - - 

JI3. Special Directions.— WhQn numbers consisting of more than 
th ree figures are to be transmitted, they should be divided as in 
ordinary notation into periods of three figures each, the periods 
being separated from each other by a space equaling six imits in 
<luration, the same as words. In writing 5,789,256, it should be 
exju’essed thus: 


Tliere is no sign to represent dollars or cents, consequently the 
words must always be written out in full. It is impossible to send 
anything by telegraph that cannot be spelled, or expressed in 
words. 

The marks ordinarily used on boxes of goods, shipped as freight, 
may be transmitted by describing their shape in words, ^. e.: 

^ is sent as triangle K, © as circle L, [|] as square B, 

<§> as diamond C, ^ as per, @ as at. 






2 () 


Bryant’s trkatise on 


TELEGKAPIIY, 


The student liaving practiced tlioroughly the preceding exercises, 
V)ecoming as familiar witli the figures and punctuations as with the 
letters, may proceed to write sliort words, selecting from the book or 
a paper, the most simple words at first, exercising great care to make 
all the .letters correctly, and giving the elements and spaces their 
}>ro})er duration, writing very slow, and repeating the words several 
times if necessary to ensure a perfect manipulation. 

It will be found excellent practice to write without constantly 
looking at the words—as beginners are almost sure to do—thereby 
learning to send and spell at the same time. This will, at first, be 
rather difficult, but is very easily mastered by a little practice, and 
will prove very useful, as it often becomes necessary to write from 
one’s mind without any copy. 

In writing words and sentences, the student should be very care¬ 
ful to form every element firm and distinct —the universal tendency 
with beginners is to make the dots and dashes too quick. It is very 
(‘asy to secure a firm hand-writing from the first, by exercising a 
little care, and not trying to make too rapid progress. 

8uch combinations as till^ tilt., tell, let, little, tax, jaio, seen, son, 
error, etc., etc., will be found excellent practice. 

34. Reading hy Sound .—The student cannot learn to read by 
sound from his own writing, as he is always aware of wliat is in¬ 
tended to be made. Two or more persons should practice together, 
taking turns in reading and writing and correcting each other’s 
favdts. JVIore rapid progress may be made by changing places as 
often as once in every fifteen minutes, which will give more of a 
variety to the practice, and have a tendency to avoid the dull¬ 
ness that will naturally result from close confinement to one kind of 
exercise for a long period. 

To begin with, the various characters must be made separately, rc- 
[)eating each until it can finally be distinguished as soon as made; 
then short and simple words should be practiced upon, written very 
slowly and distinctly, and well spaced. As the student becomes 
more proficient in reading, the speed may be gradually increased. 

It is not possible to give much instruction that will assist in dis¬ 
tinguishing the different sounds; but one point, which has already 
been noticed, should be remembered. That is, the armature makea 
two sounds at each movement, the spring being adjusted so that 
the downward motion is the heavier, and indicates the beginning of 
a dot or dash, and the upward or lighter stroke shows when the 
mark ceases. If the second strroke follows closely upon the first, it 
indicates a dot; but if it is delayed, it represents a dash, the length 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


27 


of time indicating whether it is a long or short dash. L, then, 
makes no more noise than E, the only difference being that the re¬ 
coil in the former is delayed for six units of time, while in the latter 
it follows in one unit of time after the down stroke. It will be seen 
from this that if the upward stroke be dispensed with, there will be 
no difference in the sound of E, T and L. 

In order to receive readily and easily, the student should learn to 
copy behind; that is, allow the sending operator to keep four or 
hve words ahead of you. This will be found very difficult at first, 
copying down one thing while you are receiving another; but it 
can be accomplished by diligent practice, and in fact is indispensa¬ 
ble to a first-class operator. After being once acquired, the student 
will be surprised with how much more ease he is enabled to read 
rapidly and make a good copy. 

After eighteen to twenty words per minute can be received 
readily, and a good copy produced, the student should receive actual 
business practice^ and accustom himself to the office management, 
receiving thorough drill on Messages, Press Reports, Market Re¬ 
ports, Train Orders, Train Reports, etc. 

“ In conclusion, the student is warned against falling into the too 
common error of expecting great results from little labor. To 
become an expert operator requires much time and patience, and 
the most unwearied application. 

“ Remember that what is worth doing at all, is worth doing well. 
The time will seldom or never be found when a thoroughly compe¬ 
tent operator cannot obtain immediate and remunerative employ¬ 
ment, however overcrowded the lower ranks of the profession have 
become.”— Pope’s Modern Practice. 


28 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


CHAPTER III. 

Commercial Telegraphy—Business Forms. 

35. Messages. —The regular telegram is similar in form to a 
letter, and is composed of six distinct parts, generally termed the 
number^ date, address, body, signature and check, and should ahvays 
be written and transmitted in this order. 

36. The Number. —Each message is numbered, for convenience in 
referring to, if necessary, and to lessen the liability of loss. 

3T. The Date —Consists simply of the name of the place where 
the message is sent from, together with the day of the month and 
the year. The operator should see that this is written in full, 
as the original copy is always filed away for future reference, if 
need be, and it is often important that the date should be definitely 
known. The month and year are seldom sent over the line, and 
even the day of the month is sometimes omitted, where the mes¬ 
sage is sent the day of its receipt, and the destination is on the same 
line it originates. Such omissions should be supplied in full by the 
receiving operator. The hour and minute of the time of sending 
should be transmitted if requested by the customer. 

38. The Address —Includes the name of the person or firm to 
whom the message is sent, the name of the place and street, and 
the number of the house, or place of business. 

39. The Body of the Message —Is the matter included between 
the address and the signature, or what the party sending the mes¬ 
sage has to say to the party addressed. 

Messages should not contain any superfluous words, and should 
be as brief as possible, and so worded that they will convey 
only one meaning, which is unmistakably clear and distinct. The 
expressions commonly used in writing such as “Dear Sir,” “Yours 
Truly,” etc., are entirely unnecessary, and seldom used, as they must 
be considered a part of the body of the message and charged 
for accordingly. 

No abbreviations are allowable in the body of a message. A 
period should be used after the address, and also at the end of every 
sentence; but is generally omitted before the signature, and after 
the initials in the address and signature. 

40. The Signature —Is the name of the party or firm by whom 
the message is signed. 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


29 


41. The Check —Is used for the purpose of designating the num¬ 
ber of words ill the body of the message, the tariff charged, and 
whether sent paid or collect. 

42. Abbreviations^ etc. —The following abbreviations and the 
word To are always used in sending a message over the line. “No.” 
—number—is the first thing transmitted, and is followed by the 
figures expressing the proper number for the message. “ Fr.”—from 
—is placed before the date, or the name of the office where the 
message originates. “To” should follow after the date, and “sig.”— 
signature—after the body of the message, in order to give the re¬ 
ceiving operator warning that he may place the address and signa¬ 
ture in proper position upon his copy. “Ck.”—check—is sometimes 
used immediately after the signature, for the same reason. “ Pd.” 
for paid, and “ Col.” for collect, are also used in the check. 

43. Tlanks. —In the large main offices the operator usually has 
three kinds of blanks before him for copying messages on, viz.: 

a. Common white copying paper, termed “ clip.” 

b. Regular jirinted blanks on which all telegrams are to be copied 
for delivery; and 

c. Red printed blanks for half-rate night messages. 

It thus becomes necessary that the receiving operator at these 
offices should have some signal to notify him which blank to copy 
on. For this reason, all through messages that are to be repeated 
at his office are preceded by the abbreviation .,” and will then 

be copied on the “ clip” {a). If the receiving office is the destina¬ 
tion of the message, “ City ” should be written first, and it will then 
be necessary to copy on the printed blank (J), with pen and ink; but 
if it is a half-rate message, the sending operator should write 
“ that it may be copied on the red printed blank (e). 

It is always required of the receiving operator to make the first 
copy, from the instrument, legible enough, to deliver to the party 
addressed without being recopied. 

44. Regular Form of Message t 

’■ Buffalo, Jan. 29, 1876. 

A. T. Stewart & Co., 

Cor. Broadway & 11th St., New York City. 

Ship per Merchants’ Despatch thirty-six (36) pieces Merrimac 
Prints immediately. Barnes & Bancroft. 

The above is a correct form of an ordinary message as it would 
be received from Barnes & Bancroft for transmission to New York. 


30 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


The sending operator in transmitting the message over the lino 
would fill it out as follows: 

No. 1. Fr. Buffalo, 9. 

To A. T. Stewart & Co. 

Cor. Broadway & 11th St., New York City. 

Ship per Merchants’ Despatch thirty-six (36) pieces Merrimac 
Prints immediately. 

10 Pd 75 Sig. Barnes & Bancroft. 

Or, telegraphically: 


45. The Check .—The system of checking will probably present 
more difficulties to the beginner, in actual business, than any other 
one thing, after he has learned to send and receive well by sound. 
There are three particular objects in the check of a message. It 
serves to detect omissions by stating the number of words, which 
the receiving operator will occasionally find does not agree with 
the number on his copy, when he has made an error by leaving out 
some word; it states the rate charged for transmission, and desig- 
tiates the place where the charges are paid. Checks may be di¬ 
vided into two sreneral classes: 

O 

T. Local Checks —Are used on messages passing over but one 
line, and are very simple in form and must consist of either— 
a. A Paid Local Check., which is represented in the above mes¬ 
sage by— 

10 Pd 75 

This signifies that there are ten words in the body of the message, 
and that the tariff, seventy-five (75) cents, has been paid in advance 
at the office from which the message was sent, in this case Buffalo. 



















FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


31 


This exact form is not always employed, it differing according to the 
rules and customs of the various companies. The same thing may 
be correctly expressed in the following different ways: 

10 75 10 75 Pd 10 Pd 75 

10 Pd 10 10 Bu 75 Pd 

Of these forms the 10 Pd 75 is probably the one most used. The 
form, 10 Bu 75 Pd, used on some lines, places after the number 
of words, the “call,” of the office receiving the charges, and after the 
amount (75), whether Pd or Col. It will be noticed that in this 
case the letters both before and after the amount determine the 
place of payment. In the simple form 10, it is understood that the 
message has been prepaid at the regular tariff. 

h. A Collect Local Check could be represented by the above 
message if it had been sent unpaid; that is, the charges to be col¬ 
lected of the parties to whom the message is addressed, viz; A. T. 
Stewart & Co., in which case the check would have been— 

10 Col 75 

It must be remembered that if a message is woX, prepaid.^ it must 
contain the term Co/., and the absence of Col. always signities that 
the charges have been paid in advance, even if Pd does not accom- 
})any the check. This check might also be expressed as follows; ’ 

10 Col 75 10 75 Col 10 N Y 75 Col 

In the last form the “ Call,” (N Y) of the office receiving the 
charges is placed before the amount. In case of a Local Collect 
Message, it would always be the “Call” of the office to wliich the 
<lispatch is addressed. \Ylien this is not known, W be used 

in its stead. 

II. Through Checks —Are employed on messages that pass over 
two or more companies’ lines, and may also be subdivided into Paid 
and Collect. 

a. A Paid Through Check. —When a dispatch is received to be 
jsent over two companies’ lines, and the charges are prepaid., two 
amounts are used in the check, until its passage over the last line— 
when only one amount is employed. The charges for this liin^ 
must always be kept separate in the first amount., and the charges 
for other lines are combined in the second amount. For instance: 
in a dispatch of ten words sent prepaid from Buffalo to Hartford, 
over two companies’ lines via New York, the tariff would be 75 & 25; 
that is, seventy-five (75) cents for this line, from Buftalo to New 
York, and twenty-five (25) cents for other lines, from New York 
to Hartford. 


82 Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy^ 

The check of the receiving clerk or operator, at Buffiilo, would 
be— 

10 Pd 75 & 25 or 10 Bii 75 & 25 Pd 

The check for the second line from New York to Hartford would 
be— 

10 Pd 25 or 10 N Y 25 Pd 

This message prepaid at Buffalo for both lines, the first line 

would receive $1.00, and upon transferring the message at New 
York, they would pay the second line 25c., thus retaining the 
amount due them for transmitting the same (75c). 

. In a dispatch of ten words sent prepaid from Buffalo to Port¬ 
land, Me., via New York and Boston, over three companies’ lines, 
the tariff being 75, 50 and 25 respectively, 

The check of the Buffalo office (first line), would be— 

10 Pd 75 & 75 or 10 Bu 75 & 75 Pd 

Meaning that seventy-five (75) had been paid for this line, and 
seventy-five (75) for other lines, tlie last being the combined charges 
for the second and third lines. 

The check of the New York office (second line), would be— 

10 Pd 50 & 25 or 10 N Y 50 & 25 Pd 

And the check of the Boston office (third line), would be— 

10 Pd 25 or 10 Bo 25 Pd 

In a dispatch of ten prepaid^ over four different compa¬ 

nies’ lines, the charges on each of which is 50, the check will be— 

First co.’s line— 10 Pd 50 A; 150 or 10 A 50 tfc 150 Pd 

Second co.’s line—10 Pd 50 A; 100 or 10 B 50 A 100 Pd 

Third co.’s line— 10 Pd 50 A 50 or 10 C 50 A 50 Pd 

Fourth co.’s line—10 Pd 50 or 10 D 50 Pd 

In the above, the letters A, B, C and D, represent the “ calls ” of 
the offices receiving the cliarcfes. 

O 

A through message, passing from line to line, decreasef^ 

the aggregate amount of the check with each succeeding company, 
each company paying over to the next the amount which occupies 
the second place on the check, and retaining the first amount 
which is due them; until it reaches the last company, when it is re¬ 
duced to the most simple form of one amount. 

Thus, in the above, the first line retains fifty (50) cents, and pavs 
to the second line one huiwlred and fifty (150) cents. The second 
line keeps fifty (50) cents, and pays one hundred (100) cents to 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


33 


the third line, which keeps fifty (50) cents, and pays the balance 
to the last line. 

The amount of the check should always be stated in cents. 

b. A Collect Through Check .—When a dispatch is received to be 
sent over two or more companies’ lines, and the charges collected of 
the party addressed, the system of checking is directly the opposite 
of the preceding (a)., one amount being used in the first check and 
two in each of the followino;. 

To illustrate: In a dispatch of ten words sent Collect.^ from 
Buffalo to Hartford, over two companies’ lines via New York, the 
tariff being 75 and 25, the check of the first line would be— 

10 Col 75 or 10 75 Col or 10 N Y 75 Col. 

The check of the second line would be— 

10 Col 25 ct 75 or 10 25 & 75 Col or 10 H 25 & 75 Col. 

In a dispatch of ten words sent Collect^ from Buffalo to Portland, 
Me., via Noav York and Boston, over three companies’ lines, the 
tariff being 75, 50 and 25 respectively, the check of the Buffalo 
office (first line), would be— 

10 Col 75 or 10 75 Col or 10 N Y 75 Col. 


The check of the New York office (second line), would be— 

10 Col 50 & 75 or 10 50 & 75 Col or 10 Bo 50 & 75 Col. 
The check of the Boston office (third line), would be— 

10 Col 25 & 125 or 10 25 & 125 Col or 10 P 25 & 125 Col. 


In a dispatch of ten words sent Collect.^ over four different com¬ 
panies’ lines, the charges on each of which is 50, the check would 
be— 


Pdrst co.’s line— 
Second co.’s line- 
Third co.’s line— 
Fourth co.’s line- 


10 Col 50 or 

10 Col 50 & 50 or 

10 Col 50 c't 100 or 

10 Col 50 & 150 or 


10 A 50 Col. 

10 B 50 cfc 50 Col. 
10 C 50 ife 100 Col. 
10 D 50 & 150 Col. 


In the above, the letters A, B, C and D, represent the “ calls ” of 
the offices receiving the charges. A collect message passing over 
several companies’ lines, increases the aggregate amount of the 
(^heck with each succeeding line, as in the last instance : The first 
line receiving its charges from the second, the second line receives 
from the third, the tariff of the first, in addition to its own charges, 
and so on, the last com 2 :)any collecting from the party addressed the 
full amount of the check. 

When a message is sent collect., the operator should require the 
person of whom he receives the message to guarantee its payment, 
3 


34 bi:yant’s tkeatise on telegkapiiy, 

in case the party addressed is not found, or refuses to 2 )ay for the 
dis]»atch. 

40. llules for Checking .—The words contained in tlie body of 
the message sliould always be carefully counted, uj)on the recei 2 )t of 
the message from the customer, and the number marked on the 
lower left hand corner of the blank, together with the charges, and 
whether or collect. 

Each initial occurring in the body of the message must be counted 
as a word, thus: E. 11. Barton, three words ; F. O. B. and C. O. D. 
meaning, resj^ectively, free on hoard and collect on dellcerg, are 
each three icords. A. M and P. M., for forenoon and afternoon., are 
an exception to this rule, and are counted one word each. 

There is a lack of uniformity in counting com 2 )ound "words. The 
rule adopted by the leading com 2 )anies to count all words found 
connected by a hyphen in Webster’s Dictionary, as one word for 
the whole comj^ound, is very often disregarded, and the operator 
must, to a great extent, be guided by the custom of the line on 
which he is emjdoyed. Such words as to-dag, to-night, to-morrow, 
are each one word. 

When the names of cities, towns, states, etc., occur in the body 
of a message, and are used to designate the places themselves, they 
should be counted as one word, i. c.,-New York, East Buffalo, New 
Orleans, North Carolina, New England, United States, and Jbdtish 
America; also sirnames, such as McCredie, De Forest, Van Ibiren, 
O’Brien, etc., or those having any other jirefix, are counted one 
v)ord, except when used to designate things, then eacli word must 
be counted. For instance: United States Hotel, New England 
Churches, New Orleans Republican, etc., are each three words. 

The only 2 ’»art of a dispatch entitled to be sent free, is the date, 
address, and signature, and if more than one distinct signature is 
em])loyed, all but the last must be counted. Any number of names 
constitutino: one lirni is considered as but one signature. Several 
copies of the same message delivered to different parties should 
each be charged for separately, at the full rates. This frequently 
occui’S Avhere business houses send the same thing to five or six 
agents. 

Wlien numbers occur in the body of the message, they are required 
to be si)elled out in full, eacli word being counted. If the sender 
requests the figures themselves to be transmitted after the words, 
each Hgure must be counted as one icord. For instance: filty-two 
hundrc'd sixty-four,^ue icords, or fifty-two hundred sixty-four (5204), 
nine words. The and should be omitted, as the meaning is suffi¬ 
ciently clear Avithout it, and if used it only adds to the number of 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


35 


words. Fractions also sliould alv,:ays be expressed in words, as 
five-eighths— two loorda^' or five-eighths (-|)— four 'words. In sending 
a mixed number, as 7f, the and commonly used, should be dispensed 
with, and sent as seven three-fourths— three words. iSuch expressions 
as 35x54 should be written out in full—thirty-five by fifty-four— 
and counted as foe icords. The check of a free message consists 
simply of the number of words, and the abbreviation D. II., which 
simiifies that no charge is to be made for sending, and folloAved 
by “ihiss,” ‘•Stamp,” or “Opr,” which explains on what account 
it is sent free. The ehai’ges on a message sent over any number of 
lines must be all paid in atlvance, or collect on delivery. Cipher 
messages are usually charged for at the regular tarifi*, when com¬ 
posed of ordinary English Avords, but Avhen composed wholly, or 
in i)art, of figures, or of a disjointed combination of letters, or of 
foreign words, they should be estimated by counting each letter and 
figure, or at special rates made by the company. 

It is customary with the leading com})anies to receive messages 
to be transmitted at night, for half the regular rates. These are 
termed half-rate messages, and will be received any time during the 
day, but will not be transmitted until after six P. M., and on some 
lines not until all of the full rate messages have been forwarded. 
These messages are to be delivered in the early business hours of 
the next day, and tlie charges are computed at one-half of the 
usual tariff rates. All half-rate messages must be Avritten and 
delivered on the m? blanks, used for that special purpose. 

Such numbers as sixty-four, thirty-five, five-eighths, etc., are two 
words each. When the title of office folloAvs the signature, such as 
“Prest” (|)resident), “ Secty ” (secretary), “Treas” (treasurer), or 
“Cslir” (cashier), they must be counted as one word. Jr. for junior, 
or Sr. foi’ senior, are not counted, as they constitute part of the name. 

47. 7'arlffs. —The computing of tariffs on dispatches Avill in all 
probability confuse the student more or less, at the beginning. 
There is but one method of charging; that is, a certain rate for 
every ten. Avords or less, and a smaller amount in proportion for 
each additional Avord, the rates varying on different lines, and for 
diffcn'iit distances on the same line; but the system of tariffs is 
exactlv the same throughout tlie United States and Canada. 

For instance: the tariff from Buffalo to NeAV York is 75 A; 5; 
that is, seve)dyfoe (75) cents for the first ten AVords, or less, and 
foe (5) ceids for each Avord added aboAm that amount. Thus the 
tariff on a message to Noav York, containing ten Avords, or any 
number less than ten, even if it is only one Avord, Avould be seventy- 
foe (75) ceids. For a message of fifteen words, the tariff Avould 


8G Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 

be seventy-five (75) cents for the first ten, and five (5) cents for each 
additional word — twenty-five (25) cents —making the total tariff 
one dollar (11.00). 

Another instance: The tariff from Buffalo to Bochester over the 
same company’s lines would be 25 tfe 2. The same message of ten 
words or less sent to Rochester would only be ticenty-five (25) cents. 
A message of fifteen words would be tiventy-five (25) cents for the 
first ten, and two (2) cents for each additional word —ten (10) cents — 
—making a total of thirty-five (35) cents. Each office is provided 
with a Tariff Sheet giving the rates to the principal points for 
which they are accustomed to have'messages. The large commer¬ 
cial offices in cities have Tariff Itooks with the rates to all tho 
points of any importance in the United States. 

From these the ojierator is obliged to compute the tariff on all 
the dispatches he receives for transmission. 

That the student may become more familiar with this method of 
reckoning, we present a number of examples below, stating the 
answers to the first few, to assist the beginner. 

examples of tariffs. 

Compute the charges on the following: 


Message 

of 10 words. 

Tariff 75 & 

5, 




75 


(C 

15 

a 

(( 

75 & 

5, 




100 

c; 

u 

12 

a 

ii 

50 & 

4, 




58 

ii 

ii 

15 

a 

a 

40 & 

3, 




55 

u 

ii 

18 

ii 

ii 

90 & 

6, 




138 


ii 

25 

ii 

a 

25 & 

2, 




55 

u 

ii 

14 

ii 

ii 

75 & 

5, 





(( 

ii 

12 

ii 

ii 

40 & 

3, 





(( 

ii 

15 

ii 

ii 

25 & 

2, 





(( 

ii 

10 

a 

ii 

100 & 






(( 

ii 

17 

ii 

a 

125 & 

8, 





u 

ii 

20 

a 

ii 

150 & 

10, 





(( 

ii 

12 

a 

ii 

50 & 

4, 





u 

ii 

8 

ii 

(( 

40 & 

3, 





(C 

ii 

1 

ii 

(( 

75 & 

5, 





« 

ii 

11 

ii 

ii 

100 & 

7, 





(( 

ii 

14 

ii 

ii 

175 & 12, 





u 

ii 

26 

ii 

a 

150 & 10, 





u 

ii 

6 

ii 

* 

a 

25 & 

2, 





li 

ii 

19 

ii 


85 & 

0, 






48. Niimbermg 3Iessages .—In commercial offices, all messages ar« 





37 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 

numbered in the regular order in which they are sent over the lines, 
commencing with No. 1, each morning, or whenever the day’s busi¬ 
ness begins, generally at the time Avheii the night operator is 
relieved, and the day operator assumes his duties, or at a,stated 
hour fixed by the manager. 

Every message sent to a different office from any of the others, 
is given No. 1, then putting No. 2 on the next dispatch going to 
the same })lace as some one previously sent, and so on, no two 
messages sent to the same place from any other one place, in a day, 
having tlie same number. If an operator sends 15 messages to a 
certain station in one day, the numbers will run from 1 to 15; but 
if 15 dispatches are sent to fifteen different stations, they Avill all 
be No. 1. The following is an exact copy of the Number Blank 
generally used, with the rules, etc., printed on the heading: 

Blank No. 14.] 

CITY TELEGRAPH CO, 


RULES FOR NUMBERING MESSAGES. 


Number to and with the office to whom the message is sent (whether it be 
to its final destination or a repeating office), and attach the “call” of the 
receiving office, with the number, to the copy of the message sent. 

The receiving office will place the “call” of sending office with the number 
on the copy received. This rule applies to office and free business also. 

Anj’^ discrepancy in numbers, between offices, must be adjusted by the oper¬ 
ators at the time of its reception. 

Example. —A message from Chicago to New York, if sent direct, xcill he num¬ 
bered to New York ; if sent to Buffalo or Albany, number to Buffalo or Albany, 
and they will number it to New York, or to the Station to which it is forwarded 
by them. 

(file this slip away for reference.) 

C. L. BRYANT, 
GenH Supt. 


^loffalo Office, J^an’y 37^ 187 ( 5 . 



As the above is filled out it represents the number blank of the 
Buffalo office for January 31st, 1876. 























































38 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


The “calls” of the clitferent offices with which Buffalo works 
are placed one at the head of each column. In this case six (6) 
messages have been sent to A, and three (3) received from A ; five 
(5) sent, and seven (7) received from B; six (G) sent to 1), and none 
received; none sent to E, but three (3) received, etc., etc. 

49. Cipher Messages —Are very often used by speculators, mili¬ 
tary commanders, and others who are particular that the informa¬ 
tion conveyed should be private beyond a doubt. As they are 
composed of disjointed words, the meaning is unintelligible even 
to the operators tliemselves, and they can only be understood by 
the party addressed, who possesses a “key” by which the message is 
translated. The following will illustrate a dispatch of this descrip¬ 
tion : 


Buffalo, Jany. 21, 18T6. 

To A. M. Kidder A; Co. 

No 4 Wall St. New York City. 

Idaho young procure fine draft order rome house party davis. 
10 Col 75. J. D. Waldron. 


The signature on these is sometimes omitted, to render them still 
more indefinite, should they reach improper hands. This is very 
often the case where they are used for military purposes, the i)arty 
addressed understanding, of course, that they could come from 
onl}'' one source. 

. The cipher or key system has come into very general use 
within the last few years. The Government Weather Rej)orts are 
transmitted entirely by cipher, and translated by means of a “key” 
by the local weather reporter at each station, who prepares them in 
table form for publication. The quotations of the New York Stock 
Exchange that are printed every day in all the city jjapers through¬ 
out the country, are sent over the lines in cipher form. 

This makes a very great saving in time and expense, one word 
often representing whole sentences. 

50. Office Messages —Occur very often between the different 
offices, relating generally to regular business, inquiring for better 
address to messages, correcting errors, etc. The following will 
illustrate the different varieties : 


To New York Ofs. 

Can’t find Fairbanks A Co 54 Elm St. message IT simied Ilamil- 
ton. Send better address. 


Buffalo Ofs. 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


39 


Reply. 

To Buffalo Ofs. 

Find Fairbanks & Co 54 Elk St not Elm. Ilnrry answe r. 

New Yobk Ofs. 

To Chicago Ofs. 

To-days message No 7 to Watson & Co. signed J. N. Dnnfield nn- 
colleetable. 

]Buffalo Ofs. 


To Buffalo Ofs. 

W1 lat time did yon deliver message No 18 to Smith & Co. signed 
Jno. I lath eld. 


Cleveland Ofs. 


51. Press Reports. —The receiving of press reports for the 
daily newspapers constitutes an important part of the business in a 
commercial offee. 

The Associated Press of New York have agents in every eity 
of the IJjdted States, and any important or stailling event occur¬ 
ring, will be telegraphed to their headquarters in New York, 
from where it will again be telegraphed all over the country to the 
principal newspapers. 

In sending these reports from New York, they are copied by 
hundreds of operators at the same time, in diffei'ent places, it being 
generally understood what operators are to copy them, and at 
what hours the lines are to be used for that purpose. In large cities 
where there are a number of newspapers, the operator is required 
to make several copies at the same time—one for each paper—by 
using manifold paper. 

If three copies are needed, the manifold should be arranged by 
first placing a yellow (or white) sheet on the tin used for the pur¬ 
pose, over this place a hlaeh sheet, and on this a yellow sheet, and 
then another black sheet with a yellow sheet on top, this being 
sufficient for three cojnes. The same oi‘der should be preserved for 
any number of copies, the first and last sheet always beiny yellow.^ 
and no two sheets of the same kind comino: toilet her. It will be 
found very convenient to have a quantity of this paper constantly 
arranged; then the operator can easily place his tin under as many 
yellow sheets as he wishes to make copies. 

In sending these reports over the lines, they are cut down to as 
few words as possible, and still retain their sense. To i)ersons un¬ 
accustomed to read them, they would very often pi-ove almost, if 
not entirely, unintelligible. The articles, conjunctions, etc., are 


40 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


usually omitted, and also any words that it is possible to drop 
without destroying the meaning of the dispatch. 

In this shape they are sent to the newspapers, that have men 
who make it their special business to fill out these dispatches, mak¬ 
ing them read smoothly, and expressing the meaning in full. 

The following dispatches first appear as they were sent over the 
lines of the 'Western TInion Telegraj)li Company from the Asso¬ 
ciated Press^ New York; and second as they were afterwards 
printed in the Paffalo Commercial Advertiser^ Jan. 26, ’76. 

Operator's Gopy^ Press Dispatch: 

Springfield Ill 26 

Supreme court yesterday case of members of citizens assn who 
recently applied for writ of mandamus to compel city council of 
Chicago to order an election of mayor of Chicago failed to agree 
upon a decision Court being equally divided in opinion Mayor 
Colvin will therefore hold over till 1877. 

Same Copy as Published. 
the CHICAGO may^oralty. 

Springfield, Ill., Jan. 26. 

The Supreme Court yesterday, in the case of members of the 
Citizens’ Association, who recently applied for a writ of manda¬ 
mus to compel the City Council of Chicago to order an election of 
Mayor of Chicago, failed to agree upon a decision, the Court being 
equally divided in opinion. Mayor Colvin will therefore hold over 
till 1877. 


Operator's Copy. 

Springfield 26—At Northampton last night seven disguised men 
broke into house of John Whittlesey cashier Northampton 
National Bank secured Whittlesey and family obtained keys of 
Bank and leaving one of their number on guard six j^n-oceeded to 
Bank and attempted to break into vault, but door and lock were too 
strong for them and they had to leave without accomplishing their 
purpose Cashier Whittlesey was robbed of his gold watch and 
what money he had at home There is evidence that the gang had 
been planning the job for some time making their headquarters in 
one of town school houses. 

Published Copy. 

BURGLARY AND ATTEMPTED BANK ROBBERY. 

Springfield, Mass., Jan. 26. 

At Northampton last night seven disguised men broke into the 



FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


41 


house of Jolin AYhittlesey, casliier of tlie Nortluimpton National 
Bank, secured ]Mr. Wliittlesey and family, obtained the keys of the 
Bank, and leaving one of their number on guard, six procc'cded 
to the Bank, and attempted to break into the vault, but the 
door and lock were too strong for them, and they had to 
leave without accomplishing their purpose. The cashier, Mr. AVhit- 
tlesey, was robbed of his gold watch and what money he had at 
home. There is evidence that the gang had been planning the job 
for some time, making their headquarters in the attic of one of the 
town school houses. 

48. Market Reports —Are also telegraphed daily from the prin- 
ci})al markets for Brain, Produce, Provisions, etc., through the 
medium of the Associated Press, to the leading newspapers. They 
are likewise abbreviated and cut down to the most simple form. 
The following will illustrate a IMarket Report as sent over the West- 
ern Union Wires^ and afterwards as printed in the Buffalo Com¬ 
mercial Advertiser^ Feb. 8, 1876: 

Operator'’8 Copy. 

N York—Weak 13 ^Middling uplands. Shade tinner. Moderate 
demand 13000 14000. Undid. Unchd. ITnchd. More steady 400 
bbls 410@50.') sliade better 37000 41000. 110@112 No 3 Chicago 

112@114 No 3 Milwaukee 122@125 No 2 Chicago 123@12G^ No 
2 Milwaukee 133@140 No 1 spring 120@ 138 winter red western 121 
@147 Amber do ]35@155 white western. Quiet. None. None. 
None. ^@l better 29000 58000 59@644 New western mixed 70 
@72 old do Quiet firm 17000 none. Steady 22000 28000. 46@ 

49 mixed western and state 48@53 white do firm 100 bbls 2150 
@2175 New mess unchanged Western quiet Heavy 100 tcs 
12|| steam 20@32 State & Pa Firm 112|^ Dull. 21 @22 State 
& Pa 8J 14f 

* Piiblislied Copy. 

NEW YORK MARKET. 

New York, Feb. 8. 

Cotton —The market is weak. Quoted at 13c for Middling Up¬ 
lands. 

Flour —Market firmer; in moderate demand. Receipts were 
13,000 bbls. Sales 14,000 bbls at $4.35@4.70 for superfine State 
and AYestern; |5.05@5.50 for common to good to extra State; 
$5.55@G.00 for good to choice extra State and Western ; $5.05@ 
7.25 for round-hooped Ohio. Bye-flour —Steady. Sales 400 bbls at 
$4.10@5.05. 


42 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy^, 


—jMarlvCt a sliade better. Receipts 37,000 bn. Sales 41,- 
000bu$1.10@1.12No. 3Cliicago; $1.22@1.25 No. 2 do ; |1.I2@1.14 
for No. 3 Milwaukee ; !^1.23@ 1.20^ for No. 2 Milwaukee; ^1.33@ 
1.40 for No. I spring; $l.20@1.38 new and old winter red Avestern ; 
$1.21 @1.47 do amber Avestern ; $1.35@1.55 for white do. — 

Quiet. Receipts none. Sales none. Cor )}—Market ^@lc better. 
Receipts 29,000 bn. Sales 58,000 bn. 59@64:jC for neAV mixed 
Western ; 70@72c for old Western mixed. Barley —Quiet and 
firm. Receipts 17,000 bn. Sales none. Oats —Steady. Re¬ 
ceipts 22,000 bn. Sales 28,000 bn. at 46@49 mixed Avestern and 
State; 48@53 Avhite do. 


77 'ovlsions. — Pork—Market firm. Sales 100 bbls at $21.50@ 
21.75 iieAV' mess nninspec. Cut meats—Western quiet at 8J@8|c 
for dry salted shonlders. Beef firm. Lard heavy. Sales of 100 
tierces 12i|- for steam; 13c kettle-rendered. Butter —20@32 for 
State and Pennsylvania. Cheese —6@12.V for common to prime. 
Eyys —Dull—Sales of State and Pennsylvania at 21 @22. 

Whisky —Quoted at $1.12^. 

Petroleum —Sales of crude at 8fc; refined at 14fc. 

Note. —When undid (unchanged) occurs it signifies that the 
prices are the same as quoted the day previous, and they are repub¬ 
lished accordingly. None and none, means receipts none, sales none. 

49. Office Calls. —To understand minutely the method of send¬ 
ing messages, it must be knoAvn that each office has a “call,” Avhich 
usually consists of one or tAvo letters occurring in the name of the 
place, or AAdien these conflict Avith other places on the same line, a 
fio’ure is sometimes used. The calls arc used to attract the attention of 

o 

the operators at their respective stations, as may be desired. It 
necessarily folloAvs then, that all offices on the same line must have 
different calls, in order to distinguish them from each other; also, 
that the operator must be able to distinguish his oavu call by sound, 
even if he receives by paper. The call of Buffalo being “ Bu,” and 
New York “N Y,” the mode of calling Avould be represented, Avhen 
the Buffalo operator desired to communicate Avith New York, by 
makino; N Y three or four times, then simiino-his own call “Bu,” and 
continuing in this manner until he recedes a reply or tires of calling. 
In event of his not receiving a reply to his call, of course the dispatch 
or communication Avill not be sent; but if N. Y. hears the call, and 
is at liberty to aiisAver, he replies by saying “ I, I, N. Y.” In case 
the New York operator Avishes to communicate to “Bu,” just the re¬ 
verse takes place. He calls “Bu” three times, then signs “ N. Y.,” 
repeating the same till “Bu” answers by saying “I, I, Bu,” 
Avhen he proceeds to send Avhatever he has for the Bufialo office. 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


43 


Writing one’s own otlice cfill, is termed and this mnst be 

done once, and only once, at tlie close of everything that is sent 
over the wire, Avhether it is calling, answering calls, giving O K., 
sending dispatches, or in conversation. 

50. General Iniitructlons for Transactinr/ Bimness. —Operators 
should treat all customers Avith due consideration and respect, 
granting such favors and privileges as may be consistent Avitli the 
rules of the Company; but refusing all unjust or foolish demands 
in a courteous and gentlemanly manner. All ojiessages should be 
considered as strictlg confidential. 

Wl len a dispatch is received for transmission, it should be in the 
customer’s own hand-Avriting if possible, but in case it becomes 
necessary for the operator himself to Avrite the dispatch, he should 
read it aloud and haA^e the ]).Trty sending it agree thereto, and sign 
the same Avith his OAvn hand. It is the duty of the operator to do 
the utmost in his power to insure accuracy and speed. When the 
party sending the message is not knoAvn and a rejily is desired, his 
address should be carefully obtained, and great care should also be 
taken to get the correct address of the party to Avhom the messao-e 
is sent. These precautions Avill ofttimes save many vexatious 
delays in the delivery of dispatches and the replies. 

In transmitting dispatches over the line, the first thing to be done 
is to call the office for Avhom the dispatch is intended, and after 
receiving a reply, proceed to send the message as hitherto explained. 
No business is considered as transacted until the receiving operator 
has acknoAvledged the receipt of the same by saying O. K., and 
signing his office call, or by commencing to forward nn^ssages to 
the other station, Avhich is ecpiivalent to the same tiling, llefore 
giving O. K. to a dispatch, it is the duty of the receiving opei‘ator 
to count the number of Avords in the body of the message, and see 
if the number in the check agrees Avith his count. He liolds the 
circuit while doing this by keeping his key open ; but should be as 
expeditious as possible, so as not to delay the business of the line. 
Should he find the number of Avords agree Avith the check, he 
simply says O. K. and signs; but if they do not agree, the sending 
Operator should be informed at once, stating the number of Avords 
actually received. The transmitting operator Avill then correct his 
checks if he has made a miscount; but if he finds that the check is 
right as first transmitted, he begins to repeat the body of the nies- 
sage, jiroceeding until the receiving ojierator discovers his error. 
To save time, frecjuently the initial letter only of each Avord is 
re[)cated. 


u 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


The opeVritor while sending the message should mark upon the 
copy, with his left hand, the time of its transmission together with 
his private signatnre, and the number of the message. The signa¬ 
ture of the receiving operator is also placed on the original copy. 

When receiving a message, the time of its receipt and the call of 
the sending operator should be written on the copy. When the 
sending operator makes an error in transmitting anything, he 
should say MSK (mistake), and go back to the last word that was 
written correctly, or as is more common, make a few dots and begin 
back again. If only one letter in a word is made wrong, the whole 
word must be rewritten, instead of trying to correct the letter by 
making it over. 

If the receiving operator fails to understand a word, he at once 

asks for its repetition by saying “G. A.-,” naming the last word 

he received correctly, which means go ahead from -. Vei'y 

often the abbreviation “ G. A.” is omitted, the receiving operator 
simply breaking and repeating the last word he received satisfac¬ 
torily. 

Dispatches should always be transmitted exactly as they are 
written, and where punctuations occur, they should be used the 
same as in the oriorinal. In case of obscure or difficult words, the 
transmission must be very slow and distinct. Unusual care is 
necessary in sending proper names. They should be written dis¬ 
tinct, and more than the ordinary space left between the initials. 
Such names as IrisJi^ Coe^ Colie^ Rieh^ Scotty etc., need to be writ¬ 
ten very slow and well spaced. 

Never break into anything that is going over the line, unless you 
know what it is, and have business of more importance. Before 
opening the key, it is well to adjust the relay, to make sure the line 
is not in use. 

Most telegraph companies will insure the correct transmission of 
a dispatch for a tariff fifty per cent, higher than the regular rates. 
These dispatches are always repeated back to the sending operator, 
by the person receiving it, immediately, before attending to any other 

business, and the repetition is closely compared with the original 
copy. 

Upon receiving an insured message from any party, the operator 
should see that it is plainly written, and that he understands it cor¬ 
rectly ; and exercise unusual care in its transmission. 




FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


45 


CHAPTER IV. 

RAILROAD TELEGRAPHY, TRAIN REPORTS AND TRAIN ORDERS. 

50. Ill the great system of American and Canadian Railways 
the Electric Telegraph has become an important feature. The 
modern railroad witli its immense passenger and freight traffic, 
requiring scores of trains daily, in each direction, cannot possibly 
l)c managed to advantage without the constant use of the telegraph. 
In fact it has become an indispensable agent, and is universally re¬ 
lied upon by railways of this country, as a means of giving all the 
orders and directions necessary in the movement of trains, and the 
transacting and settlement of the general business between the 
<lifferent points upon the road. Even the New Railways in course 
of construction have found it to their advantage to extend the 
telegraph line more rapidly than it is possible to build the road, 
and it has become very customary to have the telegraph working 
upon a proposed railroad line long before the road itself is in oper¬ 
ation. 

The importance of the telegrapli in this connection being fullv 
appreciated, we will proceed to consider the manner in which it is 
employed in conducting the business of the ordinary railway. 

The leading railroads usually have two or more wires for trans¬ 
acting their business, some on account of the impossibility of doing 
all their business on one wire, and others so as not to be obliged to 
rely wholly on the successful working of one line, which, of course, 
is subject to interruptions. Many smaller roads, however, run all 
their trains by telegraph, and only have one wire which they manage 
to keep in constantly good working order. It will be understood 
that it is customary to have a telegraph office at each station, and 
on a large majority of railroads day and night operators are em¬ 
ployed. With the telegraph facilities thus complete, the duty 
of running the trains devolves upon the— 

51. Train Dispatcher^ who has the whole management of all 
tlie trains upon his division, giving general orders, as the cii:cum- 
stances may warrant. This is probably the most responsible 
position a Telegraph Operator can occupy, as he has the lives of 
hundreds of persons depending upon the proper performance of his 
duties; a slight mistake or oversight on his part may bring two 
trains together, causing a great sacrifice of life and property. 


46 


BRYANT S TREATISE ON TELEGRAPHY^, 

The liability of collisions is of course lessened on tlie large main 
lines where double tracks are now so generally employed. Still 
the responsibilities of the train dispatcher are very great. The 
chief dispatclier has immediate charge of all the trains upon his divi¬ 
sion of the road for a certain number of hours each day, when he is 
relieved by an assistant. 

ddie Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway has five divisions 
—first, from Buffalo to Erie; second, from Erie to Cleveland; 
third, froni Cleveland to Toledo; fourth, from Toledo to Elkhart; 
and fifth, from Elkhart to Chicago. The dispatcher at Buffalo will 
have chai’ge of all the trains on the first division ; but as soon as 
they reach Erie, he has nothing more to do with them, and they 
pass under the management of the dispatcher of the second di¬ 
vision, and so on throimhout the leno;th of the road. 

52. Train Reports .—As it is necessary that tlie dispatcher- 
should kliow the exact whereabouts of evTU-y ti-ain, the opei-ator at 
each station is required to report all ti-ains that pass his station, 
giving the time of arrival and departure. The form and method of 
reporting ti-ains vary according to the customs of the different 
roads; but the information conveyed is essentially the same. 

On some I’oads the opei’ators are requii-ed to keep in a book pro¬ 
vided for the purpose a correct record of all ti-ains which pass their 
station, and in some cases the reports of trains from other offices; 
but this is not the general rule, as in most instances the operators 
are simply required to report to the train dispatcher of their di¬ 
vision, in whose office the report is copied upon his train book. 

The exact form employed to report trains iq)on the L. S. & M. S. 
R. R.—which is also the form most generally used—is for the 
operator rei)orting to first call the train dispatcher’s office, and 
after raising him make “O S” two or three times, then “23” once, 
and si(/n the “call” of his office, and then proceed with the report, 
giving the exact time of arrival and departui-e, and finish by again 
signing fii-st his private letter and then the office call. The object 
of making “ O S” is to attract the attention of the other offices, that 
they may know a train report is coming and keep themselves posted 
regarding the location of the different trains, and ])revent tlie neces¬ 
sity of frequent inquiry. Number “23” is frequently used instead 
of “ 0 JS” for the same purpose. 

The abbreviations “A” or “Ar” for Arrived, “D”or “ Dep ” 
for Departed, and “K” for o’clock, are generally used in sendino; n 
train report. If a train leaves on time, it is frequently reported by 
simply saying “O T”—(on time)—and signing the office call. All 
trains, both freight and passenger, are ntimbereel. Where there m 


47 


FOR THE BUFFAT.O TELEGRAPII COLLEGE. 


more tlian one section to a train they are called first section, second 
section, etc. If extra trains are run, tliey are designated as 
“Special,” or if more than one, 1st Special, 2d Special, etc. 

Supposing Dunkirk {Do) desires to report regular train No. 31, as 
arriving at fifteen minutes after nine, and departing twenty minutes 
after nine, he will first call “ C N ”—the dispatcher’s office at 
Ihiffiilo—and after raising him, the report will be sent in full as fol¬ 
lows : 

OS OS OS 23 Do. No 34 A 9 K 15 A; D 9 K 20 J Do. 

Or the same may he correctly sent as follows: 

OS OS OS 23 Do. No 34 A 9 15 A; D 9 20 J Do. 

or 


OS OS OS 23 Do. No 34 9 15 & 9 20 J Do. 

If in the above, the train had departed on its regular time, it 
might be reported thus : 

OS OS OS 23 Do. No 34 O T J Do. 


The following different varieties of train reports will illustrate 
the subject sufficiently : 


O 8 

O 8 

G 8 

O 8 

O 8 

G 8 

O 8 

O 8 

G 8 

0 s 

O 8 

G 8 

G 8 

0 8 

G 8 

() 8 

O 8 

() 8 

0 8 

G 8 

G 8 

O 8 

G 8 

G 8 


23 8 P, No 24 A 3 K 15 & D 3 K 19 B S P. 

23 S P, No 04 A 10 46 c'k D 10 51 B S P. 

23 U S, No 77 A 7 24 D 7 27 U M S. 

23 S P, No 24 O T B S P. 

23 B IT, No 52 12 40 A- 12 35 M B X. 

23 II A, No 73 140 A 2 05 F 0 II A. 

23 W X, No 58 A 2 K 10 A D 2 K 21 C Y W X. 
23 N G, No 57 O T J N G. 


When a train is delayed beyond its schedule time, the operator- 
should ascertain the cause, if possible, and report to the train dis¬ 


patcher. 


53. Train Orders ,—The train dispatcher has Ids train book 
constant ly at hand upon wliich are required to be C(q)ied all the 
re|)orts as they are sent to his office from the difiVrent stations, so 
that he knows the exact location of every train, ami gives his, orders 
as cii-cumstances rn.-iy require. An opei-ator in tlie dispatcher’s office 
coi)ics in a blank book, |)rovided for the ]»urj)ose, all the orders tlu* 
(lisp atelier sends, and wlien they are repeated ba('k by the receiving 
ojierator he checks oft* eacli word separately, tlius taking every pos¬ 
sible piecaution to prevent mistakes. 

The ordinary set of instruments connected with tlie vai-ious sta¬ 
tions is placed in tlie centre of the table, between the dispatcher 
and hi:' oi)erator, each having a key upon the same circuit. 


48 


bkyant’s treatise on telegraphy, 

t 

Orders for the movements of trains are addressed to C. and E. 
(conductor and engiiieeer), or to the conductor’s name and “Engr,” 
giving tlic number of their train, and the call of the office to which 
the order is sent. All orders are signed by the initials of the train 
dispatcher. The signature should be preceded by “ 12”—meaning 
do you understand? ” The operator, upiui receiving the order, 
repeats it all back, word for word, and ujmn receiving O. K. to it, 
gives it to the conductor, who reads it carefully and signs his 
name, returning it to the operator, who repeats it back again to 
the train dispatcher, beginning at the body of the order, and pre¬ 
ceding it by “13,” wdiich signilies “Z understand that I am to -,” 

and signing the conductor’s name, omitting the 12 and dispatcher’s 
initials; upon receiving a second O. K. he makes two more copies 
of the order, using manifold j^aper, both of which must be endorsed on 
the back with “ O. K.” and his own initials, and gives them to the 
conductor, wdio, upon satisfying himself that they are exact copies 
of the one j)reviously signed by him, hands one to the engineer. 
The tirst copy with the conductor’s signature is kept by the opera¬ 
tor. The same order is often given for several sections of one train. 
In such cases it becomes necessary that the conductor and engineer 
of each section sliould have copies of the order. It is not nec¬ 
essary to repeat the order for every section, but after i-epeat- 
ing the order once, preceded by “13,” and giving the signature of 
the conductor of the first section, and receiving an O. K., the re¬ 
maining signatures may be sent separately, giving the number of the 
section after each name, and receiving the proper O. K. 

When figures occur in train orders, they are first w'ritten out in 
w'ords, and tlum followed by the figures themselves. 

When a “ three ” order is given, figure “ 3 ” will be written after 
the signature, which means “ repeat this back to me.” In such in¬ 
stances the receiving operator repeats the whole dispatch just as he 
receives it, and is not required to get the conductor’s signature and 
repeat the second time, but delivers it with O. K. and his initials en¬ 
dorsed. 

After first repeating a “twelve” order back and receiving an 
“O.K.” from the train dispatcher, if an interruj)tion in the working 
of the wires occurs so as to prevent an operator sending a “thir¬ 
teen” with the conductoi’’s signature, he will endorse O.K. and his 
initials on the back of the order and deliver it as he w^uld a “three” 
order. 

Orders are frequently arfdressed to the station agent, or operator, 
to hold a train, or to signal a train to stop that would otherwise 



FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


49 


pass. These orders must be as strictly observed as if addressed to 
the conductor and eno-iueer themselves. 

O 

Figure “ 2 ” is the ti ain dispatcher’s private signal, and signifies 
business of importance which must have precedence over all other. 
This must not be used except by the dispatcher himself, or by his 
special direction. 

Operators in answering O. K. to an order, must invariably prefix 
their own private signature to the office call. In acknowledging an 
O. K. to an order, the operator should say “ I, I.,” and sign his call, 
signifying that he has received the same. 

When a “23” message {the folloioing is for yourself and others^) 
is sent, the offices will answer O. K. in tlie order they are named, 
or in the order they are situated on the line. 

Operators must exercise the greatest care in sending, receiving 
and copying orders for the movement of trains, and do all in their 
power to secure accuracy and absolute correctness. Special pains 
should be taken in making copies of an order, or errors will be lia¬ 
ble to follow. 

FORMS OF TRAIN ORDERS. 

We are indebted to one of the officials of the L. S. & M. S. II. 
11. for the following varieties of train orders, which have been act¬ 
ually used in their regular business, and are exact copies taken from 
their train order book. 


Ik—X. Y. 


1:50 


(). K. 2:05 


N. 


GENERAL ORDER. 

C. N. 23. 

To 0. & E. 

No. One (1), X. Y. 

13—Buffalo Switch Engine using main track until 
two (2) o’clock regardless of you. Keep not less 
than forty (40) minutes late to Erie; meet No. four 
(4) on the double track east of Dunkirk depot. 

Haight. 12—J. W. N. 


The above order was sent from C. N. (Buffiilo), to the Conductor 
and engineer of train No. one (1), at X. Y., (East Buffalo), and signed 
by train dispatcher J. W. N., who places “12” before Ids signature, 
wldch is equivalent to asking, “7/bic do you understand The oper¬ 
ator receiving the order then repeats it all back, and signs his private 
call B., and office call X. Y., which are placed in the margin as rej)- 
resented above, by the train dispatcher’s operator, together with 
the time the order was sent, (1:50). After showing the order to the 
conductor, and obtaining his signature, the operator repeats it back 


t 


50 Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 

to C. N. again, commencing at the body of the order, preceded by 
“ 13,’' which means “Z understand that -” and signs the conduc¬ 

tor’s name, Haight, in place of the 12 J. W. N. The dispatcher 
will then say O. K., and the dispatcher’s operator will j^lace it in 
the margin, with the time the O, K. was given (2:05), and the dis- 
<lispatcher’s letter (N.), and will also copy the condnctor’s name 
underneath the order. 

This gives all the information that it may ever be desirable to 
know, viz.: the number of the train and place the order was ad¬ 
dressed to ; the dispatcher’s initials who gave the order ; the initial 
of operator receiving the order; the time it was sent ; the time the 
order was repeated from the conductor, and the O. K. given ; the 
letter of the person giving the final O. K., and lastly the conduct¬ 
or’s name. 

The books of the train dispatcher’s office, containing these facts 
regarding every order, are filed away and kept for future reference. 

Tn case the order is repeated back at once from the conductor, or 
a order is given, only one time is placed in the margin by 

the dispatcher’s operator, as the time is identical. 

general order. 

C. N. 23. 

To Mead & Engr. M. S. 

o 

13—Run special to State Line. No. seventy-four 
(74) is carrying white signals for you (us). Run as 
second (2d) section No. two (2), from State Line to 
Buffalo. Stop only when necessary. 

Mead. 12—F. E. B. 

GENERAL ORDER. 

C. N. 23. 

To Mead and Engr. M. S. 

13—You will keep not less than one (1) hour and 
fifty-five (55) minutes late State Line to Angola. 

Mead. 12—F. E. B. 

GENERAL ORDER. 

C. N. 29. 

To C. and E. 

No. Fifty-seven (57), R. Y. 

13—Take branch at North East to let special west 
Engine Palmer pass you (us). 

Barnes. 


R.—M. S. 
8:16 

O. K. 8:25 

B. 


R.—M. S. 
O. K. 8:35 

B. 


A.—R. Y. 
8:10 

O. K. 8:15 

C. 


12—W. E. C. 






FOli THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


51 


A.—Do. 
8:50 

O. K. 9:17 
C. 


GENERAL ORDER. 

To C._and E. ' C. N. 20. 

Special West Do. 

13—No. forty-one (41) will take branch for you (us) 
at Westfield, and No. fifty-seven (57) at Ripley. Ap¬ 
proach those places cautiously, and run carefully to 
Erie. 

Morrison. 12—W. E. C. 


R.—A. G. 
O. K. 7:15 

N. 


GENERAL ORDER, 

C. N. 31. 

To Agt. and Opr. A. G. 

13—Branch No. Seventy-nine (79) for special excur¬ 
sion train west to pass them. 

Smith. J. W. N.—3 


GENERAL ORDER. 


B.—S. P. 
9:15 

O. K. 9:20 

C. 


C. N. 2. 

To 0. & E. 

No. Thirty-one (31), S. P. 

13—No. seventy-seven (77) is running ahead of you 
(us) till you (we) overtake them. 

McEwen. 12—W. E. C. 


GENERAL ORDER. 


B.—G. D. 
O. K. 9:25 

C. 


C. N. 2. 

To C. and E. 

No. Seventy-seven (77), S. P. 

13—Run ahead of No. thirty-one (31) until they 
overtake you (us). 

Martin. 12—W. E. C. 


S.—Bx. 

O. K. 4:12 
C. 


GENERAL ORDER. 

C. N. 7. 

To Agt. and Opr. Bx. 

13—Put out red signals, and hold Eng. No. four 
hundred and sixty-nine (469), special, east, at Brocton 
for orders. 

O. C. B. and J. A. C. 


12—W. E. C. 







52 

Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 

M.—S. P. 

PASS ORDER. 

C. N. 24. 

To C. and E. 

O. K. 7:23 

No. Twenty-nine (29), S. P. 

13—Branch your (our) train at Hamburg, and let 

N. 

special excursion train west pass you (us) there. 
Fuller. 12—J. W. N. 

M.—M. S. 

TIME ORDER. 

C. N. 19. 

To C. and E. 

O. K. 6:05 

No. Seventy-four (74), M. S. 

13—Use one (1) hour and twenty-three (23) min¬ 

B. 

utes of second (2d) section No. two’s (2’s) time. 
Miller. 12—F. E. B. 

N.—Do. 

REGARDLESS ORDER. 

C. N. 16. 

To C. and E. 

11:41 

No. Six (6), Do. 

O. K. 11:58 

13—Bun to East Buffalo regardless of second (2d) 
section No. five (5). 

B. 

Kelly. 12—F. E. B. 

li.—Do. 

turn order. 

C. N. 15. 

To H. C. J., Do. 

O. K. 3:13 

13—Turn first (1st) section No. twenty-five (25). 

N. 

H. C. J. 12—J. W, N. 

H.—Bx. 

RED SIGNAL ORDER. 

C. N. 12. 

5:45 

To C. and E. 

No Fifty-two (52), Bx. 

O. K. 6:31 

13—Carry red signals from Dunkirk. 

c. 

Matlook. 12—W. E. C. 







FOR TITE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE. 


68 


X. Y. 
(). F^. 4:50 

N. 


WHITE SIGNAL OLDER. 

C. N. 10. 

To C. and E. 

No. Three (3), X. Y^. 

Carry wliite signals to Erie for ])ay train. 

Smithers. J. W. N.—3 


0. —N. S. 

O. K. 12:^2 
B. 


GREEN SIGNAL ORDER. 

C N 20 

To Shaw and Engr. N. S. 

13—Carry green signals and run special to Erie. 

Shaw. 12—F. E. B. 


ABANDON ORDER. 

C. N. 26. 

To J. M. and W. L. W., S. P. 

13—Abandon N os. twenty-live (25) and twenty- 
seven (27) of July twenty-sixth (26th). 

J. M and VV. L. W. 12—W. E. C. 

The above order is to abandon trains tliat usually start on their 
regular time. These orders are always addressed to the initials of 
the yard master, (J. M.), whose duty it is to get cars ready for 
every regular train, and to the master mechanic (W. L. W.), who 
sees that an engine is in readiness for each train. After receiving 
an abandon order from the dispatcher, of course the train is not 
sent out as usual. 


(h—vS. P. 
O. K. 10:05 
C. 


54. Numerals ,—We present the following numeral abbreviations 
which are in common use on Railway and Commercial Lines. Most 
of those that vary on different lines have been omitted, and only 
tliose given that have a general signification on all lines. 


1— Wait a moment. 

2— Train dispatcher’s signal, has 
preference over everything. 

3— Repeat this back to me. 

4— Where shall 1 go ahead ? 

8—Busy on other circuit. 

12— How do you understand ? 

13 — X understand that I am to— 


14— Connect your circuit better. 

15— Separate your words more. 
18—What is the matter? 

25—Write dots. 

28—Do you get my writing? 

43—Answer paid/ 

73—Accept my compliments. 
134—Who is at the key ? 






54 


Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy, 


55, Ahbremationa —Are very generally used in conversation, new?* 
reports, office messages and other D. H. business—but are not ad¬ 
missible in the body of a paid message. So frequently are these 
abbreviations employed on all telegraph lines, that it is Amry impor¬ 
tant that the student should become perfectly familial* with the 
following, which Avill give him a start so that he can easily learn 
others from their similarity: 

Abd. Aboard. 


Abt. About. 

Abv. Above. 

Abvn. Abbreviation. 
Acp. Accept. 

Acdt. Accident. 

Aon. Accommodation. 
Ac. Account. 

Ack. Acknowledge. 
Adjs. Adjust. 

Afd. Afford. 

Af. After. 

Agn. Again. 

Agt. Agent. 

Ag. Agree. 

Agst. Against. 

A. All. 

Alg. Along. 

Alv. Alive. 

Art. All right. 

A mg. Among. 

Amt Amount. 

A ns. Answer. 

Ax Anxious. 

Ahr. Another. 

Ai>t Appoint. 

Ae. Are. 

Arv. Arrive. 

Ast. Assist. 

Asst. Assistant. 

Assn. Association. 

Avd. Avoid. 

B. Be. 

Bd. Bad. Bond. 

Bgg. Baggage. 

Blc. Balance. 

Brgn. Bargain. 

Bat. Battery. 

Bkr. Banker. 

Bern. Become. 

B4. Before. 


Bn. Been. 

Bgn. Begin. 

Bv. Believe. 

Big. Belong. 

Bcs. Because. 

Bs. Best. 

Btr. Better. 

Btn. Between. 

Blk. Blank. 

Bt. Boat. 

Bh. Both. 

Bot. Bought. 

Bx. Box. 

Bkft. Breakfast. 

Bk. Book. 

Brk. Break. 

Br. Bring. 

Bkn. Broken. 

Brot. Brought. 

Bus. Bushels. 

Bsns. Business. 

C. Can. 

Cl. Call. 

Can. Candidate. 

Cap. Capitol. 

Capt. Captain. 

Crg. Carriage. 

Ctl. Cattle. 

Ct. Cent. 

Ctr. Center. 

Chr. Chair. 

Chmn. Chairman. 
Che. Choice. Chance. 
Ck. Check. 

Ci. Circuit. 

Cln. Clean. 

Clr. Clear. 

Clk. Clerk. 

6o\. Collect. 

Cm. Come. 

Cmd. Command. 


Cmt. Committee. 

Co. Company. County. 
Ceil. Concern. 

Cnk. Connect. 

Cnxn. Connection. 

Cdr. Consider. 

Cpr. Copper. 

Ctn. Cotton. 

Cd. Could. 

Cr. Credit. 

Cpl. Couple. 

Cur. Current. 

Da. Day. 

Dr. Doctor. 

D. H. Dead Head. 

Dcd. Decide. 

Del. Decline. 

Desn. Decision. 

Dfn. Defend. 

Dlv. Deliver. 

Dmd. Demand. 

Dem. Democrat. 

Dept. Department. 

Dpt. Depart. 

De. Depot. 

Dtn. Detain. 

D. Did. 

Dfr. Differ. 

Dift. Different. 

Dm*. Dinner. 

Dsph. Dispatch. 

Dsg. Discharge. 

Dk. Dock. 

Ds. Does. 

Dg. Doing. 

Dol. Dollar. 

Dn. Done. 

Dt. Don’t. 

Dbl. Double. 

Dbt. Doubt. 

Dw. Down, 


FOR THE BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COLLEGE, 


Owwd. Downward. 
Doz. Dozen. 

Dft. Draft. 

E. Of the. 

Ell. Each. 

Ea. East. 

Ed. Editor. 

Efk. Effect 
Eft. Effort. 

Eln. Election. 

Enb. Enable. 

Eng<?. Engage. 

Eng. Engine. England. 
Enf. Enough. 

Enq. Enquire. 

Ent. Enter. 

Envp. Envelope. 

Eq. Equal. 

Est. Estate. 

Ev. Ever. 

Evy. Every. 

Eve. Evening. 

Exinn. Examine. 

Ex. Example. 

Exp. Express. 

Ext. Extra. 

F. Of. 

Fa. Fail. 

Fwl. Farewell. 

Fs. Fast. 

Fv. Favor. 

Fu. Few. 

Fig. Figure. 

Fin. Finish. 

Fi. Fire. 

Fm. Firm. 

Fx. Fix. 

Fg. Flag. 

FI. Flour. 

Ft. Fort. Feet. 

Fbd. Forbid. 

Fd. Found. 

Finn. Foreman. 

Fgt. Forget. 

Fvvd. Forward. 

Fq. Frequent. 

Fm. From. 

Ffl. Fulfil, 

G. Gave. 

Ga. Go ahead. 


Ghr. Gather. 

Gent. Gentleman. 

Gtg. Getting. 

Gi. Give. 

Gd. Good. 

Gov. Governor. 

Govt. Government. 

Gg. Going. 

Gs. Guess. 

Gm. Good mornins:. 
Gn. Good night. Gone. 
Grn. Grain. 

Gt. Great. 

Gw. Ground-wire. 

H. Have. 

Hf. Half. 

Hd. Had. 

Ha. Has. 

Hg. Having. 

Hpy. Happy. 

Hr. Hear. Here. 

Hrd. Heard. 

Hit. Heart. 

Hy. Heavy. 

Hi. High. 

Hm. Him. 

Hmsf Himself 
Hs. His. 

Hhr, Hither, 

Hdy. Holiday. 

HI. Whole. 

Ho. Who. 

Hp. Hope. 

Hrb. Horrible. 

Ht. Hotel. 

Hu, House. 

Hwev. However. 

Hund. Hundred. 

I. By. 

Ig. Ignorant. 

Ik. Like. 

Immy. Immediately. 
Impf Imperfect. 

Imp. Import. 

Imps. Impossible. 

Impv. Improve. 

Ind, Indeed, 

Indef Indefinite. 

Ifm. Inform. 

Inj. Injure. 


Iq. Inquire. 

l ns. Insure. 

Insl. Insulator. 

Itn. Intend. 

l nt, Interest. 

Irg. Irregular. 

Isu. Issue. 

Itsf. Itself , 

J. Journal. 

Jy, Journey. 

Jg. Judge, 

Jgt. Judgment. 

Jc. Junction. 

Jr. Junior. 

Js. Just. 

K. Take. O’clock. 
Kp. Keep. 

Kd. Kind. 

Kn. Taken. 

Kg. Taking. 

Kk. Knock. 

Kw. Know. Knew. 
Kps. Compliments. 

L. Law. 

Ldg. Lading. 

Landing. 

Lg. Large. Long. 
Ltr. Letter. 

Lf Laugh. 

Lrn. Learn. 

Lv. Leave. 

Lsn. Lesson. 

Lieut. Lieutenant. 
Ltg. Lightning. 

Li. Line. 

Ltl. Little. 

Lcl. Local. 

Lk. Look. 

Lux. Luxury. 

M. Noon. 

Md. Made. 

Mag. Magnet. 

Ma. Mail. 

Mk. Make. 

Mg. Manage. 

Mgr. Manager. 

Mnr. Manner. 

Mf. Manufactory. 
My. Many. 

Mkt. Market. 


i>6 Bryant’s treatise on telegraphy. 


Mtr. Matter. 

Mt. Meet. Mountain. 
Mdse. Merchandise. 
Msg. Message. 

Min. Minute. 

Msk. Mistake. 

Mv. Move. 

Mh. Much. 

.Mysf. Myself. 

N. No. Not. 

Na. Name. 

Nr. Near. 

Nv. Never. 

Ni. Night. 

Nov. November. 

No. Number. 

Obdt. Obedient. 

Obj. Object. 

Obg. Oblige. 

Ocsn. Occasion. 

Ocn. Ocean. 

Ofn. Offend. 

Ofs. Office. 

Ofn. Often. 

O. K. All correct. 
Opr. Operator. 

Oppy. Opportunity. 
0pp. Opposite. 

Ohr. Other. 

Ov. Over. 

Pa. Pay. 

Pd. Paid. 

Pdn. Pardon. 

P. O. Post Office. 

Pis. Please. 

Ppr. Paper. 

Psb. Possible. 

Phps. Perhaps. 

Psn. Person. 

Q. Question. 

Ql. Quality. 


Qk. Quick. 

Qt. Quite. 

R. For. 

Rsn. Reason. 

Itr. Repeat. Railroad. 
Rs. Raise. 

Rt. Right. 

Rhr. Rather. 

Rtn. Return. 

Rpd. Rapid. 

Rh. Reach. 

Rkn. Reckon. 

Rgd. Regard. 

Rla. Relay. 

Rpr. Repair. 

Rep. Report. 

Rq. Require. 

S. Was. 

Sk. Sick. Sake. 

Sal. Salary. 

Sd. Should. Said. 

Sh. Such. 

SI. Shall. 

Sr. Senior. 

Sm. Some. 

Sn. Soon. 

Su. South. 

Sfb. Stop for Breakfast. 
Sfd. “ “ Dinner. 

Sft. “ “ Tea. 

Sfn. “ “ Night. 

St. Street. 

Sig. Signature. 

Sml. Small. 

Slk. Stock. 

Smtg. Something. 

Stix. Sticks. 

T. The. 

Tlr. Teller. 

Tl. Tall. Tell. 

Tffi Tariff. 


Tell. Teach. Touch. 
Tin. Them. Team. 
Tel. Telegraph. 

Telm. Telegram. 

Trb. Trouble. 

Tnk. Thank. Think. 
Tt. That. 

Tr. Their. There. 

Tn. Then. Than. 

Tf. Therefore. 

Til. These. Those. 
Ty. The 3 ^ 

Tg. Thing. 

Ts. This. 

Tho. Though. 

Trn. Train. 

Thot. Thought. 

Thro. Through. 

U. You. 

Ur. Your. 

Un. Under. 

Upwd. Upward. 

Und. Understand. 

V. Very. 

W. Will. 

Wa. Way. 

Wd. Would. 

Wh. Which. 

Wi. With. Wire. 

Wk. Week. Weak. 
Wl. Well. 

Wn. When. 

Wr. Where. 

Ws. West. 

Wt. What. 

Wy. Why. 

Whr. Whether. 

Wd. Word. 

Wtr. Water. 

X. Next. 

Y. Yes. 


Rules for Abbreviating Terminations. 


For ing, use only g. 

For ed., use onl^' d. 

For tion., sion^ cian^ use only n. 
For live, sire, ive, use onl}’’ v. 
For less, use only Is. 


For tial, dal, s/ial, use only 1. 
For ble, use only b. 

Yovful, use only/. 

For ancy, ency, use only cy. 
For ly, bly, use only y. 






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